Author Commentary and References (1-50)

Author's Comment
This document was prepared by a search of the nursing, medical, and allied health literature. FirstSearch@oclc.org (http://FirstSearch.oclc.org) was used to access CINAHL and MEDLINE from 1995-present for topics such as prevalence of back pain, spinal surgery and nursing care, prevention of post-operative ileus, deep venous thrombosis, and atelectasis, spinal trauma, spinal cord injury, spinal trauma and surgery, spinal trauma and nursing care, pre-operative patient education, braces and fusion surgery, bone graft site pain and spinal fusion surgery, spinal surgery and pain management, lumbar fusion/spine surgery/spine trauma and length of stay, spine trauma and length of stay, halo brace and fractures, nutrition and surgery, nucleoplasty, bone morphogenetic protein, kyphoplasty, and spinal instrumentation.

Many websites were reviewed as well, including North American Spine Society (http://www.spine.org), American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, (http://orthoinfo.aaos.org), United States Department of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics, (http://stats.bls.gov/iif/home.htm), National Osteoporosis Foundation, (http://www.nof.org), Knowledge Enterprises, Inc., (http://theorthopeople.com), National Center for Health Statistics, (http://www.cdc.gov/nchs), and American Academy of Neurological Surgeons, (http://www.neurosurgery.org/aans).

Well-known textbooks in the areas of orthopaedic nursing, neurological and neurosurgical nursing, spine biomechanics, spinal trauma, spinal instrumentation, spinal surgery techniques, and anesthesia were also used in the preparation of this document.

The proceedings of the annual meetings of the North American Spine Society for the years 2000, 2001, and 2002 were also reviewed. Every attempt was made to perform a thorough review of the relevant literature in order to provide a balanced, thoughtful approach to this extensive subject. Certainly, much more detail is available on the spine, and the curious reader may peruse the reference list for further resources on the topics discussed.

1. Knowledge Enterprises, Inc. (2001). OrthoKnow: Strategic insights into the orthopaedic industry: Special Spine Edition. www.theorthopeople.com

2. American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, (2001). Spinal fusion. http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/fact/thr_report.cfm?Thread_ID=156&topcategory=Spine

3. Andersson, G. (1999) Epidemiological features of chronic low-back pain. The Lancet, 354, 581-585.

4. Walker, B. (2000). The prevalence of low back pain: A systematic review of the literature from 1966 to 1998. Journal of Spinal Disorders, 13(3), 205-217.

5. Loney, P. & Stratford, P. (1999). The prevalence of low back pain in adults: A methodological review of the literature. Physical Therapy, 79(4), 384-396.

6. Linton, S., Hellsing, A. & Hallden, K. (1998). A population-based study of spinal pain among 35-45-year-old individuals: Prevalence, sick leave, and health care use. Spine, 23(13), 1457-1463.

7. McKinnon, M., Vickers, M., Ruddock, V., Townsend, J. & Meade, T. (1997). Community studies of the health service implications of low back pain. Spine, 22(18), 2161-2166.

8. Waxman, R., Tennant, A. & Helliwell, P. (2000). A prospective follow-up study of low back pain in the community. Spine, 25(16), 2085-2090.

9. Bressler, H., Keyes, W., Rochon, P. & Badley, E. (1999). The prevalence of low back pain in the elderly: A systematic review of the literature. Spine, 24(17), 1813-1819.

10. Leboeuf-Yde, C. & Ohm Kyvik, K. (1998). At what age does low back pain become a common problem? A study of 29,424 individuals aged 12-41 years. Spine, 23(2), 228-234.

11. Smedley, J., Inskip, H., Cooper, C. & Coggon, D. (1998). Natural history of low back pain: A longitudinal study in nurses. Spine, 23(22), 2422-2426.

12. Miedema, H., Chorus, A., Wevers, C. & van der Linden, S. (1998). Chronicity of back problems during working life. Spine, 23(18), 2021-2029.

13. Hellsing, A. & Bryngelsson, I. (2000). Predictors of musculoskeletal pain in men: A twenty-year follow-up from examination at enlistment. Spine, 25(23), 3080-3086.

14. Lee, P., Helewa, A., Goldsmith, C., Smythe, H. & Stitt, L. (2001). Low back pain: Prevalence and risk factors in an industrial setting. The Journal of Rheumatology, 28(2), 346-351.

15. Guo, H., Tanaka, S., Halperin, W. & Cameron, L. (1999). Back pain prevalence in US industry and estimates of lost workdays. American Journal of Public Health, 89(7), 1029-1035.

16. Volinn, E. (1997). The epidemiology of low back pain in the rest of the world: A review of surveys in low-and middle-income countries. Spine, 22(15), 1747-1754.

17. Dionne, C., Von Korff, M., Koepsell, T., Deyo, R., Barlow, W. & Checkoway, H. (2001). Formal education and back pain: A review. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 55, 455-468.

18. National Center for Health Statistics. Health, United States, 2000. Hyattsville, Maryland: Public Health Service. 2000. http://198.246.96.90/cgi-bin/broker.exe

19. American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, (2002). Patient visits for selected conditions, 1998. http://www.aaos.org/wordhtml/research/selprob.htm

20. American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, (2002). Hospitalizations for back conditions. http://www.aaos.org/wordhtml/research/back.htm

21. U.S. Department of Labor: Bureau of Labor Statistics, (2002). Lost-worktime injuries and illnesses: Characteristics and resulting time away from work, 2000. http://stats.bls.gov/iif/home.htm

22. Arnstein, P., Caudill, M., Mandle, C., Norris, A. & Beasley, R. (1999). Self efficacy as a mediator of the relationship between pain intensity, disability and depression in chronic pain patients. Pain, 80, 483-491.

23. Lisanti, P. & Verdisco, L. (1994). Perceived body space and self-esteem in adult females with chronic low back pain. Orthopaedic Nursing, 13(2), 55-63.

24. Xu, R. & Ebraheim, N. (1999). Surgical anatomy of the spine. In An & Cotler (Eds.), Spinal Instrumentation. (2nd Ed.) (pp 9-30) Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

25. Bernhardt, M., White, A. & Panjabi, M. (1999). Biomechanical considerations of spinal stability. In Herkowitz, H., Garfin, S., Balderston, R., Eismont, F., Bell, G. & Wiesel, S. (Eds.), Rothman-Simeone: The Spine. (4th Ed.) (pp 1071-1096) Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company.

26. White, A. & Panjabi, M. (1990). Clinical biomechanics of the spine. (2nd Ed.). Philadelphia: JB Lippincott Company.

27. McCulloch, J. & Transfeldt, E. (Eds.), (1997). McNab's Backache. (3rd Ed.), Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins.

28. Wolfe, R., Borenstein, D., & Wiesel, S. (2000). Low Back Pain: A Comprehensive Approach. (3rd Ed.) Charlottesville, Virginia: Matthew Bender & Company, Inc.

29. Scherping, S., Boden, S., Borenstein, D., & Wiesel, S. (2000). Neck Pain. (3rd Ed.) New York, N.Y., San Francisco, CA, Charlottesville, VA: Matthew Bender & Company, Inc.

30. Spengler, D. (1997). Perspectives on the indications and surgical management of patients with selected degenerative disorders of the lumbar spine. In Bridwell, K. & DeWald, R. (Eds.), The textbook of spinal surgery. (2nd Ed.) (pp 1533-1546) Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven Publishers.

31. Best, J. (2002). Understanding spinal stenosis. Orthopaedic Nursing, 21(3), 48-55.

32. Brown, K. (1998). Cauda equina syndrome: Implications for the orthopaedic nurse in a clinical setting. Orthopaedic Nursing, September/October, 1998, 31-37.

33. Hayashi, N., Lee, H. & Weinstein, J. (1997). The source of pain in the lumbar spine. In Bridwell, K. & DeWald, R. (Eds.). The textbook of spinal surgery. (2nd Ed.) (pp 1503-1514) Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven Publishers.

34. Lonstein, J. (1999). Spondylolisthesis in children: Cause, natural history, and management. Spine, 24(24), 2640-2648.

35. van Dam, B. (1997). Nonoperative treatment and surgical repair of lumbar spondylolysis. In Bridwell, K. & DeWald, R. (Eds.), The textbook of spinal surgery. (2nd Ed.) (pp 1263-1268) Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven Publishers.

36. Faut Rodts, M. (1998). Disorders of the Spine. In Maher, A., Salmond, S., & Pellino, T. (Eds.), Orthopaedic Nursing (2nd Ed.) (pp 545-585). Philadelphia: Saunders.

37. Wiltse, L., Newman, P., & Macnab, I. (1976). Classification of spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis. Clinical Orthopaedics, 117 23-29.

38. Moskovich, R. (1997). Cervical instability (Rheumatoid, dwarfism, degenerative, others). In Bridwell, K. & DeWald, R. (Eds.), The textbook of spinal surgery. (2nd Ed.) (pp 969-1010) Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven Publishers.

39. Clark, D. & Menezes, A. (1999). Rheumatoid arthritis: Surgical considerations. In Herkowitz, H., Garfin, S., Balderston, R., Eismont, F., Bell, G. & Wiesel, S. (Eds.), Rothman-Simeone: The Spine. (4th Ed.) (pp 1281-1301) Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company.

40. Hammerberg, K. (1997). Ankylosing spondylitis. In Bridwell, K. & DeWald, R. (Eds.), The textbook of spinal surgery. (2nd Ed.) (pp 1109-1128) Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven Publishers.

41. Simmons, E. (1999). Ankylosing Spondylitis: Surgical considerations. In Herkowitz, H., Garfin, S., Balderston, R., Eismont, F., Bell, G. & Wiesel, S. (Eds.), Rothman-Simeone: The Spine. (4th Ed.) (pp 1303-1356) Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company.

42. Hitchon, P., From, A., Brenton, M., Glaser, J., & Torner, J. (2002). Fractures of the thoracolumbar spine complicating ankylosing spondylitis. Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine, 97, 218-222.

43. National Osteoporosis Foundation, (2002). Disease Statistics "Fast Facts". http://www.nof.org/osteoporosis/stats.htm

44. Paier, G. (1996). Specter of the crone: The experience of vertebral fracture. Advances in Nursing Science, 18(3), 27-36.

45. Kessenich, C. (2000). Management of osteoporotic vertebral fracture pain. Pain Management Nursing, 1(1), 22-26.

46. Fischgrund, J., & Herkowitz, H. (2000). Fractures and dislocations of the thoracolumbar junction. In Cotler, J., Simpson, J., An, H., & Silveri, C. (Eds.), Surgery of Spinal Trauma. (pp 269-293) Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

47. Denis, F. (1983). Spinal instability as defined by the three-column spine concept in acute spinal trauma. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research, 189, 65-76.

48. Pineda, S., Bauerle, W., & McAfee, P. (2000). Thoracic spine fractures. In Cotler, J., Simpson, J., An, H., & Silveri, C. (Eds.), Surgery of Spinal Trauma. (pp 257-268) Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

49. Sklar, E., Ruiz, A., & Falcone, S. (2000). Radiographic evaluation of spinal injuries. In Cotler, Simpson, An, & Silveri (Eds.), Surgery of Spinal Trauma. (pp 127-155) Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

50. Hickey, J. (1997). The clinical practice of neurological and neurosurgical nursing. (4th Ed.) Philadelphia: Lippincott.