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17-N-allylamino-17-
demethoxy geldanamycin:
A drug that belongs to a family of drugs called antitumor antibiotics,
and is being studied for its ability to treat cancer.
2IT-BAD monoclonal antibody
170:
A type of monoclonal antibody used in cancer detection or therapy.
Monoclonal antibodies are laboratory-produced substances that
can locate and bind to cancer cells.
3-dimensional: A graphic display
of depth, width, and height. Three-dimensional radiation therapy
uses computers to create a 3-dimensional picture of the tumor.
This allows doctors to give the highest possible dose of radiation
to the tumor while sparing the normal tissue as much as possible.
3F8
monoclonal antibody:
A type of monoclonal antibody used in cancer detection or therapy.
Monoclonal antibodies are laboratory-produced substances that
can locate and bind to cancer cells.
4'-iodo-4'-deoxydoxorubicin: An anticancer
drug that belongs to the family of drugs called antineoplastic
antibiotics.
506U78: An anticancer
drug that belongs to the family of drugs called antimetabolites.
6-hydroxymethylacylfulvene: An anticancer
drug that belongs to the family of drugs called alkylating agents.
9-cis
retinoic acid:
A drug being studied for cancer prevention; it belongs to the
family of drugs called retinoids.
90Y-DOTA-biotin: A radioactive
substance (yttrium-90) joined by a large chemical link (DOTA)
to biotin, a vitamin.
A33
monoclonal antibody:
A type of monoclonal antibody used in cancer detection or therapy.
Monoclonal antibodies are laboratory-produced substances that
can locate and bind to cancer cells.
abdomen (AB-do-men):
The part of the body that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines,
liver, gallbladder, and other organs.
accelerated
phase
(ak-SEL-er-ay-ted): Refers to chronic myelogenous leukemia that
is progressing. The number of immature, abnormal white blood
cells in the bone marrow and blood is higher than in the chronic
phase, but not as high as in the blast phase.
acetaminophen: A drug that
reduces pain.
acetylcysteine: A drug usually
used to reduce the thickness of mucus and ease its removal. It
is also used to reverse the toxicity of high doses of acetaminophen.
achlorhydria (a-klor-HY-dree-a):
A lack of hydrochloric acid in the digestive juices in the stomach.
Hydrochloric acid helps digest food.
acitretin: A drug used
in cancer prevention that belongs to the family of drugs called
retinoids. It is also used in the treatment of psoriasis.
acoustic (ah-KOOS-tik):
Related to sound or hearing.
actinic
keratosis
(ak-TIN-ik ker-a-TOE-sis): A precancerous condition of thick,
scaly patches of skin. Also called solar or senile keratosis.
acupressure: The application
of pressure or localized massage to specific sites on the body
to control symptoms such as pain or nausea. Also used to stop
bleeding.
acupuncture: The technique
of inserting thin needles through the skin at specific points
on the body in order to control pain and other symptoms.
acustimulation: Mild electrical
stimulation of acupuncture points to control symptoms such as
nausea and vomiting.
acute: Having severe
symptoms and a short course; not chronic.
acute
leukemia:
Cancer of the blood-forming tissue that progresses rapidly.
acute
lymphoblastic leukemia:
ALL. A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature
white blood cells called lymphoblasts are found in the blood
and bone marrow. Also called acute lymphocytic leukemia.
acute
lymphocytic leukemia:
ALL. A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature
white blood cells called lymphoblasts are found in the blood
and bone marrow. Also called acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
acute
myelogenous leukemia:
AML. A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature
blood-forming cells are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also
called acute myeloid leukemia or acute nonlymphocytic leukemia.
acute
myeloid leukemia:
AML. A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature
blood-forming cells are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also
called acute myelogenous leukemia or acute nonlymphocytic leukemia.
acute
nonlymphocytic leukemia:
A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature blood-forming
cells are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute
myeloid leukemia or acute myelogenous leukemia.
acyclovir: An antiviral
agent used to prevent or treat cytomegalovirus and herpes simplex
infections that may occur when the body is immunosuppressed.
AD
32:
An anticancer drug that belongs to a family of drugs called antitumor
antibiotics. It is an anthracycline.
adenocarcinoma (AD-in-o-kar-sin-O-ma):
Cancer that begins in cells that line certain internal organs.
adenoid
cystic cancer:
A rare type of cancer that usually begins in the salivary glands.
adenoma (ad-in-O-ma):
A noncancerous tumor.
adenovirus: A group of viruses
that cause respiratory tract and eye infections. Adenoviruses
used in gene therapy are altered to carry a specific tumor-fighting
gene.
adjuvant
therapy:
Treatment given following the primary treatment to enhance the
effectiveness of the primary treatment. Adjuvant therapy may
be chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or hormone therapy.
adrenal
glands
(a-DREE-nal): A pair of small glands, one located on top of each
kidney. The adrenal glands produce hormones that help control
heart rate, blood pressure, the way the body uses food, and other
vital functions.
adrenaline: A hormone. Also
called epinephrine.
aflatoxins (AF-la-TOK-sins):
Substances made by a fungus that is often found on poorly stored
grains and nuts. Aflatoxins have been implicated as a factor
in the etiology of primary liver cancer.
AG3340: An anticancer
drug that belongs to the family of drugs called angiogenesis
inhibitors. AG3340 is a matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor.
aggressive: A quickly growing
cancer.
aggressive
lymphoma:
A quickly growing cancer that arises in the cells of the lymphatic
system.
agonists: Drugs that trigger
an action from a cell or another drug.
agranulocyte (A-gran-yoo-lo-SITE):
A type of white blood cell; monocytes and lymphocytes are agranulocytes.
AIDS: Acquired immunodeficiency
syndrome, the disease caused by human immunodeficiency virus
(HIV) infection.
aldesleukin: A colony-stimulating
factor that stimulates the production of blood cells, especially
platelets, during chemotherapy. It is a cytokine that belongs
to the family of drugs called hematopoietic (blood forming) agents.
Also called interleukin-2 or IL-2.
alendronate
sodium:
A drug that affects bone metabolism. It is used in treating osteoporosis
and Paget's disease, and is being studied in the treatment of
hypercalcemia (abnormally high levels of calcium in the blood)
and in treating and reducing the risk of bone pain caused by
cancer. Alendronate sodium belongs to the family of drugs called
bisphosphonates.
alkylating
agents:
A family of anticancer drugs that interferes with the cell's
DNA and inhibits cancer cell growth.
allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (AL-o-jen-AY-ik):
A procedure in which a person receives stem cells, the cells
from which all blood cell develop, from a compatible, though
not genetically identical, donor.
allopurinol: A drug that
lowers high uric acid (a byproduct of metabolism) levels in the
blood caused by some cancer treatments or by gout.
allovectin-7: A compound used
for gene therapy.
alpha-fetoprotein (AL-fa-FEE-toe-PRO-teen):
A protein normally produced by a developing fetus. alpha-fetoprotein
(AFP) levels are usually undetectable in the blood of healthy
adults. An elevated level of AFP suggests the presence of either
a primary liver cancer or germ cell tumor.
altretamine: An anticancer
drug that belongs to the family of drugs called alkylating agents.
ALVAC-CEA
vaccine:
A cancer vaccine containing a canary pox virus (ALVAC) combined
with the human carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) gene.
alveoli (al-VEE-o-lye):
Tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchioles in the lungs.
amifostine: A drug used
as a chemoprotective drug to control some of the side effects
of chemotherapy and radiation therapy.
amikacin: An antibiotic
drug used to treat infection.
aminocamptothecin: An anticancer
drug that belongs to the family of drugs called topoisomerase
inhibitors.
aminoglutethimide: An anticancer
drug that belongs to the family of drugs called nonsteroidal
aromatase inhibitors. Aminoglutethimide is used to decrease estrogen
production and suppress the growth of tumors that need estrogen
to grow.
aminolevulinic
acid:
A drug used in photodynamic therapy that is absorbed by tumor
cells; when exposed to light, it becomes active and kills the
cancer cells.
aminopterin: An anticancer
drug that belongs to the family of drugs called antimetabolites.
amoxicillin: An antibiotic
drug used to treat infection.
amphotericin
B:
An antifungal drug used to treat infection.
amputation (am-pyoo-TAY-shun):
Surgery to remove part or all of a limb or appendage.
amsacrine: An anticancer
drug that belongs to the family of drugs called topoisomerase
inhibitors.
amylase (AM-il-aze):
An enzyme that helps the body digest starches.
amyloidosis: A group of diseases
in which protein is deposited in specific organs (localized amyloidosis)
or throughout the body (systemic amyloidosis). Amyloidosis may
be either primary (with no known cause) or secondary (caused
by another disease, including some types of cancer). Generally,
primary amyloidosis effects the nerves, skin, tongue, joints,
heart, and liver; secondary amyloidosis often effects the spleen,
kidneys, liver, and adrenal glands.
analgesics: Drugs that reduce
pain. These drugs include aspirin, acetaminophen, and ibuprofen.
analogue: A chemical compound
related in structure to another compound.
anaplastic
(an-ah-PLAS-tik) :
A term used to describe cancer cells that divide rapidly and
bear little or no resemblance to normal cells.
anastomosis (an-AS-ta-MO-sis):
A procedure to connect healthy sections of tubular structures
in the body after the diseased portion has been surgically removed.
anastrozole: An anticancer
drug that belongs to the family of drugs called nonsteroidal
aromatase inhibitors. Anastrozole is used to decrease estrogen
production and suppress the growth of tumors that need estrogen
to grow.
androgens (AN-dro-jens):
A family of hormones that promote the development and maintenance
of male sex characteristics.
androgen
suppression:
Treatment to suppress or block the production of male hormones.
Androgen suppression is achieved by surgical removal of the testicles,
by taking female sex hormones, or by taking other drugs. Also
called androgen ablation.
anemia (a-NEE-mee-a):
A condition in which the number of red blood cells is below normal.
anesthesia (an-es-THEE-zha):
Loss of feeling or awareness. Local anesthetics cause loss of
feeling in a part of the body. General anesthetics put the person
to sleep.
anesthetics (an-es-THET-iks):
Substances that cause loss of feeling or awareness. Local anesthetics
cause loss of feeling in a part of the body. General anesthetics
put the person to sleep.
anetholtrithione: A drug that
may reduce the risk of development or progression of cancer.
angiogenesis (an-gee-o-GEN-eh-sis):
Blood vessel formation. Tumor angiogenesis is the growth of blood
vessels from surrounding tissue into a solid tumor. This is caused
by the release of a chemical by the tumor cells.
angiogenesis
inhibitor:
A substance that may prevent the formation of blood vessels.
In anticancer therapy, an angiogenesis inhibitor prevents the
growth of blood vessels from surrounding tissue into a solid
tumor.
angiogram (AN-jee-o-gram):
An x-ray of blood vessels; the person receives an injection of
dye to outline the vessels on the x-ray.
angiography (an-jee-AH-gra-fee):
A procedure to x-ray blood vessels. The blood vessels can be
seen because of an injection of a dye that shows up in the x-ray
pictures.
angiosarcoma (AN-jee-o-sar-KO-ma):
A type of cancer that begins in the lining of blood vessels.
anhydrovinblastine: An anticancer
drug that belongs to the family of drugs called mitotic inhibitors.
ansamycins: A group of anticancer
drugs that belongs to the family of drugs called antineoplastic
antibiotics.
anterior
mediastinotomy
(MEE-dee-a-stin-AH-toe-mee): A procedure in which a tube is inserted
into the chest to view the tissues and organs in the area between
the lungs and between the breastbone and spine. The tube is inserted
through an incision next to the breastbone. This procedure is
usually used to get a tissue sample from the lymph nodes on the
left side of the chest. Also called the Chamberlain procedure.
anthracenediones: A subgroup of
the family of anticancer drugs called anticancer antibiotics.
anthracyclines: A subgroup of
the family of anticancer drugs called antitumor antibiotics.
anthraquinones: A family of
anticancer drugs.
antiandrogens (an-tee-AN-dro-jens):
Drugs used to block the production or interfere with the action
of male sex hormones.
antiandrogen
therapy:
Treatment with drugs used to block production or interfere with
the action of male sex hormones.
antiangiogenesis: Prevention of
the growth of new blood vessels into a solid tumor.
antibiotics (an-tih-by-AH-tiks):
Drugs used to treat infection.
antibodies (AN-tih-BOD-ees):
Proteins produced by certain white blood cells in response to
foreign substances (antigens). Each antibody can bind only to
a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy
the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on
the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies disable antigens directly.
Others make the antigen more vulnerable to destruction by white
blood cells.
antibody
therapy:
Treatment with an antibody, a substance that can directly kill
specific tumor cells or stimulate the immune system to kill tumor
cells.
anticancer
antibiotics:
A group of anticancer drugs that block cell growth by interfering
with DNA, the genetic material in cells. Also called antitumor
antibiotics or antineoplastic antibiotics.
anti-CEA
antibody:
An antibody against carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), a protein
present on certain types of cancer cells.
anticoagulants: Drugs that help
prevent blood clots from forming. Also called blood thinners.
anticonvulsants (an-tee-kon-VUL-sants):
Drugs that prevent, reduce or stop convulsions or seizures.
antiemetics: Drugs that prevent
or reduce nausea and vomiting.
antifungals: Drugs that treat
infections caused by fungi.
antigens: Substances that
are recognized by the immune system and cause the immune system
to create antibodies.
antimetabolites: A group of anticancer
drugs that resemble nutrients that a cell needs to grow. Once
inside the cell, they interfere with the dividing process and
prevent cell growth.
antineoplastic
antibiotics:
A group of anticancer drugs that block cell growth by interfering
with DNA, the genetic material in cells. Also called anticancer
antibiotics or antitumor antibiotics.
antineoplastons: Substances isolated
from normal human blood and urine being tested as a type of treatment
for some tumors and AIDS.
antiparasitics: Drugs used to
treat bacterial and parasitic infections and some cancers.
antisense
c-fos:
Synthetic genetic material that may slow or stop the growth of
cancer cells.
antithymocyte
globulin
(an-tee-THIGH-mo-site GLOB-yoo-lin): A protein used to reduce
the risk of or to treat graft-versus-host disease.
antivirals: Drugs used to
treat infections caused by viruses.
anus (AY-nus): The
opening of the rectum to the outside of the body.
aplastic
anemia:
A condition in which the bone marrow is unable to produce blood
cells.
aplidine: An anticancer
drug obtained from a marine animal.
apoptosis (ap-o-TOE-sis):
A normal series of events in a cell which lead to its death.
areola (a-REE-o-la):
The area of dark-colored skin on the breast that surrounds the
nipple.
arsenic
trioxide:
An anticancer drug that induces programmed cell death (apoptosis)
in certain cancer cells.
arterial
embolization
(ar-TEE-ree-al EM-bo-lih-ZAY-shun): The blocking of an artery
by a clot of foreign material. This can be done as treatment
to block the flow of blood to a tumor.
arteriogram (ar-TEER-ee-o-gram):
An x-ray of arteries; the person receives an injection of a dye
that outlines the vessels on an x-ray.
arteriography (ar-TEE-ree-AH-gra-fee):
A procedure to x-ray arteries. The arteries can be seen because
of an injection of a dye that outlines the vessels on an x-ray.
asbestos (as-BES-tus):
A natural material that is made up of tiny fibers. The fibers
can cause cancer.
ascites (ah-SYE-teez):
Abnormal buildup of fluid in the abdomen.
asparaginase: An anticancer
drug that is an enzyme.
aspergillosis: An infectious
fungal disease that occurs most often in the skin, ears, nasal
sinuses, and lungs of persons with a suppressed immune system.
aspirate (AS-pi-rit):
Fluid withdrawn from a lump, often a cyst.
aspiration (as-per-AY-shun):
Removal of fluid from a lump, often a cyst, with a needle and
a syringe.
aspirin: A drug that
reduces pain. Aspirin belongs to the family of drugs called nonsteroidal
anti-inflammatory agents. It is also being studied in cancer
prevention.
astrocytomas (as-tro-sye-TOE-mas):
Tumors that begin in the brain or spinal cord in small, star-shaped
cells called astrocytes.
asymptomatic: Having no signs
or symptoms of disease.
ataxic
gait
(ah-TAK-sik): Awkward, uncoordinated walking.
atypical
hyperplasia
(hy-per-PLAY-zha): A benign (noncancerous) condition in which
cells have abnormal features and are increased in number.
autoimmune
disease:
A condition in which the body recognizes its own tissues as foreign
and directs an immune response against them.
autologous bone marrow transplantation (aw-TAHL-o-gus):
A procedure in which bone marrow is removed from a person, stored,
and then given back to the person following intensive treatment.
autologous
lymphocytes:
A person's white blood cells. Lymphocytes have a number of roles
in the immune system, including the production of antibodies
and other substances that fight infection and disease.
autologous
tumor cells:
Cancer cells from the person's tumor.
axilla (ak-SIL-a): The
underarm or armpit.
axillary (AK-sil-air-ee):
Pertaining to the armpit.
axillary
dissection
(AK-sil-air-ee): Surgery to remove lymph nodes found in the armpit
region.
axillary lymph node dissection: Surgery to remove
lymph nodes found in the armpit region.
axillary
lymph nodes:
Lymph nodes found in the armpit that drain the lymph channels
from the breast.
azacitidine: An anticancer
drug that belongs to the family of drugs called antimetabolites.
B3
antigen:
A protein found on some tumor cells.
B43-BAP
immunotoxin:
A toxic substance linked to an antibody that attaches to tumor
cells and kills them.
bacterial
toxin:
A toxic substance, made by bacteria, that can be modified to
kill specific tumor cells without harming normal cells.
barium
enema:
A series of x-rays of the lower intestine. The x-ray pictures
are taken after the person is given an enema with a white, chalky
solution that contains barium. The barium outlines the intestines
on the x-rays.
barium
solution:
A liquid containing barium sulfate that is used in x-rays to
highlight parts of the digestive system.
barium
swallow
(eh-SOF-a-gram): A series of x-rays of the esophagus. The x-ray
pictures are taken after the person drinks a solution that contains
barium. The barium coats and outlines the esophagus on the x-ray.
Also called an esophagram.
Barrett's
esophagus:
A condition in which the cells lining the lower part of the esophagus
have changed or been replaced with abnormal cells that could
lead to cancer of the esophagus. The backing up of stomach contents
(reflux) may irritate the esophagus and over time cause Barrett's
esophagus.
basal
cell carcinoma
(BAY-sal sel kar-sin-O-ma): A type of skin cancer that arises
from the basal cells, small round cells found in the lower part,
or base, of the epidermis, the outer layer of the skin.
basal
cells
(BAY-sal): Small, round cells found in the lower part, or base,
of the epidermis, the outer layer of the skin.
basophil: A type of white
blood cell. Basophils are granulocytes.
batimastat: An anticancer
drug that belongs to the family of drugs called angiogenesis
inhibitors. Batimastat is a matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor.
BAY
12-9566:
An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called
angiogenesis inhibitors.
B
cells:
White blood cells that develop from bone marrow and produce antibodies.
Also called B lymphocytes.
BCG
vaccine:
An anticancer drug (bacille calmette-Guerin) that activates the
immune system. Filling the bladder with a solution of BCG is
a form of biological therapy for superficial bladder cancer.
BCL-2
antisense/G3139:
A drug that may kill cancer cells by blocking the production
of a protein that makes cancer cells live longer.
benign (beh-NINE): Not
cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts
of the body.
benign
prostatic hyperplasia
(hye-per-PLAY-zha): A benign (noncancerous) condition in which
an overgrowth of prostate tissue pushes against the urethra and
the bladder, blocking the flow of urine. Also called benign prostatic
hypertrophy or BPH.
benign
tumor
(beh-NINE): A noncancerous growth that does not invade nearby
tissue or spread to other parts of the body.
beta
carotene:
A vitamin A precursor. Beta carotene belongs to the family of
fat soluble vitamins called carotenoids.
bexarotene: An anticancer
drug used to decrease the growth of some types of cancer cells.
Also called LGD1069.
Biafine
cream:
A topical preparation to reduce the risk of and treat skin reactions
to radiation therapy.
bicalutamide: An anticancer
drug that belongs to the family of drugs called antiandrogens.
bilateral: Affecting both
the right and left side of body.
bilateral
cancer:
Cancer that occurs in both paired organs, such as both breasts
or both ovaries.
bile: A fluid made
by the liver and stored in the gallbladder. Bile is excreted
into the small intestine where it helps digest fat.
bile
duct:
A tube through which bile passes in and out of the liver.
biological
response modifiers
(by-o-LAHJ-i-kul): BRMs. Substances that stimulate the body's
response to infection and disease.
biological
therapy
(by-o-LAHJ-i-kul): Treatment to stimulate or restore the ability
of the immune system to fight infection and disease. Also used
to lessen side effects that may be caused by some cancer treatments.
Also called immunotherapy or biological response modifier (BRM)
therapy.
biomarkers: Substances sometimes
found in an increased amount in the blood, other body fluids,
or tissues and that may suggest the presence of some types of
cancer. Biomarkers include CA 125 (ovarian cancer), CA 15-3 (breast
cancer), CEA (ovarian, lung, breast, pancreas, and GI tract cancers),
and PSA (prostate cancer). Also called tumor markers.
biopsy (BY-ahp-see):
The removal of cells or tissues for examination under a microscope.
When only a sample of tissue is removed, the procedure is called
an incisional biopsy or core biopsy. When the whole tumor is
removed, the procedure is called an excisional biopsy. When a
sample of tissue or fluid is removed with a needle, the procedure
is called a needle biopsy or fine-needle aspiration.
biopsy
specimen:
Tissue removed from the body and examined under a microscope
to determine if disease is present.
bispecific
antibodies:
Antibodies developed in the laboratory to recognize more than
one protein on the surface of different cells. Examples include
bispecific antibodies 2B1, 520C9xH22, mDX-H210, and MDX447.
bizelesin: An anticancer
drug that belongs to the family of drugs called alkylating agents.
It is also an antitumor antibiotic.
BL22
immunotoxin:
An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called
bacterial immunotoxins. BL22 is a bacterial toxic substance linked
to an antibody that attaches to tumor cells and kills them.
bladder: The organ that
stores urine.
blast
crisis:
The phase of chronic myelogenous leukemia in which the number
of immature, abnormal white blood cells in the bone marrow and
blood is extremely high. Also called blast phase.
blast
phase:
The phase of chronic myelogenous leukemia in which the number
of immature, abnormal white blood cells in the bone marrow and
blood is extremely high. Also called blast crisis.
blasts: Immature blood
cells.
bleomycin: An anticancer
drug that belongs to the family of drugs called antitumor antibiotics.
blood-brain
barrier:
A network of blood vessels with closely spaced cells that makes
it difficult for potentially toxic substances (such as anticancer
drugs) to penetrate the blood vessel walls and enter the brain.
blood
transfusion:
The administration of blood or blood products into a blood vessel.
BMS-182751: A platinum compound
used in chemotherapy.
BMS-184476: An anticancer
drug that belongs to the family of drugs called mitotic inhibitors.
bolus: A single dose
of drug usually injected into a blood vessel over a short period
of time.
bolus
infusion:
A single dose of drug usually injected into a blood vessel over
a short period of time.
bone
marrow:
The soft, sponge-like tissue in the center of large bones that
produces white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets.
bone
marrow ablation:
The destruction of bone marrow using radiation or drugs.
bone
marrow aspiration
(as-per-AY-shun): The removal of a small sample of bone marrow
(usually from the hip) through a needle for examination under
a microscope.
bone
marrow biopsy
(BY-ahp-see): The removal of a sample of tissue from the bone
marrow with a needle for examination under a microscope.
bone
marrow metastases:
Cancer that has spread from the original (primary) tumor to the
bone marrow.
bone
marrow transplantation
(trans-plan-TAY-shun): A procedure to replace bone marrow destroyed
by treatment with high doses of anticancer drugs or radiation.
Transplantation may be autologous (the person's marrow saved
before treatment), allogeneic (marrow donated by someone else),
or syngeneic (marrow donated by an identical twin).
bone
metastases:
Cancer that has spread from the original (primary) tumor to the
bone.
bone
scan:
A technique to create images of bones on a computer screen or
on film. A small amount of radioactive material is injected into
a blood vessel and travels through the bloodstream. It collects
in the bones and is detected by a scanner.
boron
neutron capture therapy:
A type of radiation therapy. The person is given an intravenous
infusion containing the element boron, which concentrates in
the tumor cells. The person then receives radiation therapy with
atomic particles called neutrons from a small research nuclear
reactor. The radiation is absorbed by the boron, killing the
tumor cells without harming normal cells.
bowel: The long tube-shaped
organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion.
There is both a small and large bowel. Also called the intestine.
brachytherapy (BRAK-ih-THER-a-pee):
Radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters,
is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called internal
radiation therapy or implant radiation.
brain
metastases:
Cancer that has spread from the original (primary) tumor to the
brain.
brain
stem:
The part of the brain that is connected to the spinal cord.
brain
stem glioma
(glee-O-ma): A tumor located in the part of the brain that connects
to the spinal cord (the brain stem). It may grow rapidly or slowly,
depending on the grade of the tumor.
brain
stem tumor:
A tumor in the part of the brain that connects to the spinal
cord (the brain stem).
BRCA1: A gene located
on chromosome 17 that normally helps to suppress cell growth.
Inheriting an altered version of BRCA1 predisposes an individual
to breast, ovarian, or prostate cancer.
breast-conserving
surgery:
An operation to remove the breast cancer but not the breast itself.
Types of breast-conserving surgery include lumpectomy (removal
of the lump), quadrantectomy (removal of one quarter of the breast),
and segmental mastectomy (removal of the cancer as well as some
of the breast tissue around the tumor and the lining over the
chest muscles below the tumor).
breast
reconstruction:
Surgery to rebuild a breast's shape after a mastectomy.
Brief
Pain Inventory:
A questionnaire used to measure pain.
bronchi (BRONK-eye):
The large air passages that lead from the trachea (windpipe)
to the lungs.
bronchioles (BRON-kee-olz):
The tiny branches of air tubes in the lungs.
bronchitis (bron-KYE-tis):
Inflammation (swelling and reddening) of the bronchi.
bronchoscope (BRON-ko-skope):
A thin, lighted tube used to examine the inside of the trachea
and bronchi, the air passages that lead into the lungs.
bronchoscopy (bron-KOS-ko-pee):
A procedure in which a thin, lighted tube is inserted through
the nose or mouth. This allows examination of the inside of the
trachea and bronchi, air passages that lead to the lung, as well
as the lung. Bronchoscopy may be used to detect cancer or to
perform some treatment procedures.
bronchus: A large air
passage that leads from the trachea (windpipe) to the lung.
broxuridine: A drug that
makes cancer cells more sensitive to radiation and is also used
as a diagnostic agent to determine how fast cancer cells grow.
bryostatin-1: A drug used
for its antitumor activity.
buccal
mucosa
(BUK-ul myoo-KO-sa): The inner lining of the cheeks and lips.
Burkitt's
lymphoma:
A type of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma that most often occurs in young
people between the ages of 12 and 30. The disease usually causes
a rapidly growing tumor in the abdomen.
buserelin: An anticancer
drug that belongs to the family of drugs called gonadotropin
releasing hormones. In prostate cancer therapy, buserelin blocks
the production of testosterone in the testicles.
busulfan: An anticancer
drug that belongs to the family of drugs called alkylating agents.
buthionine
sulfoximine:
A drug that may help prevent resistance to some anticancer drugs.
bypass: A surgical procedure
in which the doctor creates a new pathway for the flow of body
fluids.
C225 monoclonal
antibody:
A type of monoclonal antibody used in cancer detection or therapy.
Monoclonal antibodies are laboratory-produced substances that
can locate and bind to cancer cells.
CA-125: Substance sometimes
found in an increased amount in the blood, other body fluids,
or tissues and that may suggest the presence of some types of
cancer.
calcitonin: A hormone secreted
by the thyroid that lowers blood calcium levels.
calcitriol: A drug made
in the lab that is chemically similar to vitamin D.
calcium (KAL-see-um):
A mineral found in teeth, bones, and other body tissues.
calcium
carbonate:
A mineral taken primarily as a supplement to prevent osteoporosis.
It is also being studied for cancer prevention.
camptothecin: An anticancer
drug that belongs to the family of drugs called topoisomerase
inhibitors.
camptothecin
analogue:
An anticancer drug related in structure to camptothecin, a topoisomerase
inhibitor. One such drug is aminocamptothecin.
cancer: A term for diseases
in which abnormal cells divide without control. Cancer cells
can invade nearby tissues and can spread through the bloodstream
and lymphatic system to other parts of the body.
cancer of unknown primary
origin:
Cancer cells are found in the body, but the place where the cells
first started growing (the origin or primary site) cannot be
found.
capecitabine: An anticancer
drug that belongs to the family of drugs called antimetabolites.
capsaicin: A component
of certain plants, including cayenne and red pepper, used topically
for peripheral nerve pain. Also being studied for controlling
mucositis pain following chemotherapy and radiation therapy.
carbendazim: An anticancer
drug that belongs to the family of drugs called antifungal agents.
carbogen: An inhalant
of oxygen and carbon dioxide that increases the sensitivity of
tumor cells to the effects of radiation therapy.
carboplatin: An anticancer
drug that belongs to the family of drugs called platinum compounds.
carboxyamidotriazole: An anticancer
drug that belongs to the family of drugs called angiogenesis
inhibitors.
carboxypeptidase-G2: A bacterial
enzyme that belongs to the family of drugs called chemoprotective
agents. It is used to neutralize the toxic effects of methotrexate.
carcinoembryonic antigen
peptide-1:
CAP-1. A protein that can stimulate an immune response to certain
tumors.
carcinogen (kar-SIN-o-jin):
Any substance that causes cancer.
carcinogenesis: The process
by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells.
carcinoma (kar-sin-O-ma):
Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover
internal organs.
carcinoma
in situ
(kar-sin-O-ma in SYE-too): Cancer that involves only the cells
in which it began and has not spread to neighboring tissues.
cardiac: Pertaining to
the heart.
cardiopulmonary: Pertaining to
the heart and lungs.
carmustine: An anticancer
drug that belongs to the family of drugs called alkylating agents.
carotenoids: Substance found
in yellow/orange fruits and vegetables and dark green leafy vegetables
that may reduce the risk of developing cancer.
cartilage (KAR-tih-lij):
Firm, rubbery tissue that cushions bones at joints. A more flexible
kind of cartilage connects muscles with bones and makes up other
parts of the body, such as the larynx and the ears.
carzelesin: An anticancer
drug that belongs to the family of drugs called alkylating agents.
Castleman's
disease:
A rare disorder in which noncancerous growths develop in lymph
node tissue.
castration: Removal or destruction
of the testicles or ovaries using radiation, surgery, or drugs.
Medical castration refers to the use of drugs to suppress the
function of the ovaries or testicles.
catheter (KATH-et-er):
A flexible tube used to deliver fluids into or withdraw fluids
from the body.
cauterization (KAW-ter-ih-ZAY-shun):
The destruction of tissue with a hot instrument, an electrical
current, or a caustic substance.
CC-49
monoclonal antibody:
A type of monoclonal antibody used in cancer detection or therapy.
Monoclonal antibodies are laboratory-produced substances that
can locate and bind to cancer cells.
CCI-779: An anticancer
drug that inhibits the growth of cancer cells by preventing cell
division.
CD34
antigen:
A protein found on the surface of some bone marrow and blood
cells.
CEA: Carcinoembryonic
antigen. A substance that is sometimes found in an increased
amount in the blood of people with certain cancers.
CEA
assay:
A laboratory test to measure carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA),
a substance that is sometimes found in an increased amount in
the blood of people who have certain cancers.
ceftriaxone: An antibiotic
drug used to treat infection.
celecoxib: A drug that
reduces pain. Celecoxib belongs to the family of drugs called
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. It is also being studied
for cancer prevention.
cell: The basic unit
of any living organism.
cell
differentiation:
The process during which young, immature (unspecialized) cells
take on individual characteristics and reach their mature (specialized)
form and function.
cell
motility:
The ability of a cell to move.
cell
proliferation:
An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth
and cell division.
cellular
adhesion:
The close adherence (bonding) to adjoining cell surfaces.
central
nervous system:
CNS. The brain and spinal cord.
central venous access catheter: A tube surgically
placed into a blood vessel for the purpose of giving intravenous
fluid and drugs. It also can be used to obtain blood samples.
This device avoids the need for separate needle insertions for
each infusion.
CEP-2563
dihydrochloride:
A growth factor antagonist that may stop tumor cells from growing.
cephalexin: An antibiotic
drug that belongs to the family of drugs called cephalosporins.
cephalosporins: A family of
antibiotic drugs that is used to treat a wide variety of bacterial
infections.
c-erbB-2: The gene that
controls cell growth by making the human epidermal growth factor
receptor 2. Also called HER2/neu.
cerebellum (sair-uh-BELL-um):
The portion of the brain in the back of the head between the
cerebrum and the brain stem. The cerebellum controls balance
for walking and standing, and other complex motor functions.
cerebral
hemispheres
(seh-REE-bral HEM-iss-feerz): The two halves of the cerebrum,
the part of the brain that controls muscle functions of the body
and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning.
The right hemisphere controls muscle movement on the left side
of the body, and the left hemisphere controls muscle movement
on the right side of the body.
cerebrospinal
fluid
(seh-REE-bro-SPY-nal): CSF. The fluid flowing around the brain
and spinal cord. Cerebrospinal fluid is produced in the ventricles
in the brain.
cerebrum (seh-REE-brum):
The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres,
or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls
muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions,
reading, writing, and learning.
cervical intraepithelial
neoplasia
(SER-vih-kul in-tra-eh-pih-THEEL-ee-ul NEE-o-play-zha): CIN.
A general term for the growth of abnormal cells on the surface
of the cervix. Numbers from 1 to 3 may be used to describe how
much of the cervix contains abnormal cells.
cervix (SER-viks): The
lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the
uterus and vagina.
CGP
48664:
An anticancer drug that may inhibit the growth of some tumors.
chemoembolization: A procedure
in which the blood supply to the tumor is blocked surgically
or mechanically, and anticancer drugs are administered directly
into the tumor. This permits a higher concentration of drug to
be in contact with the tumor for a longer period of time.
chemoprevention (KEE-mo-pre-VEN-shun):
The use of drugs, vitamins, or other agents to try to reduce
the risk of or delay the development or recurrence of cancer.
chemoprotective: A quality of
some drugs used in cancer treatment. Chemoprotective agents protect
healthy tissue from the toxic effects of anticancer drugs.
chemosensitivity
assay:
A laboratory test to analyze the responsiveness of a tumor to
a specific drug.
chemosensitizer: A drug that
makes tumor cells more sensitive to the effects of chemotherapy.
chemotherapy (kee-mo-THER-a-pee):
Treatment with anticancer drugs.
chlorambucil: An anticancer
drug that belongs to the family of drugs called alkylating agents.
cholangiosarcoma (ko-LAN-jee-o-sar-KO-ma):
A tumor of the connective tissues of the bile ducts.
chondrosarcoma (KAHN-dro-sar-KO-ma):
A type of cancer that forms in cartilage.
chordoma (kor-DO-ma):
A type of bone cancer that usually starts in the lower spinal
column.
choriocarcinomar: A rare cancer
in women of child-bearing age in which cancer cells grow in the
tissues that are formed in the uterus following conception. Also
called gestational trophoblastic disease, gestational trophoblastic
neoplasia, gestational trophoblastic tumor, or molar pregnancy.
choroid
plexus tumor:
A rare type of cancer that occurs in the ventricles of the brain.
It usually occurs in children younger than 2 years old.
chromosome (KRO-mo-some):
Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for
sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes.
chronic: A disease or
condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time.
chronic
granulocytic leukemia:
A slowly progressing disease in which too many white blood cells
are made in the bone marrow. Also called chronic myelogenous
leukemia or chronic myeloid leukemia.
chronic
leukemia
(KRAHN-ik): Cancer of the blood-forming tissues that progresses
slowly.
chronic lymphoblastic lymphoma: A slowly progressing
disease in which too many immature white blood cells called lymphoblasts
are found in the body.
chronic
lymphocytic leukemia:
A slowly progressing disease in which too many white blood cells
called lymphocytes are found in the body.
chronic
myelogenous leukemia:
CML. A slowly progressing disease in which too many white blood
cells are made in the bone marrow. Also called chronic myeloid
leukemia or chronic granulocytic leukemia.
chronic
myeloid leukemia:
CML. A slowly progressing disease in which too many white blood
cells are made in the bone marrow. Also called chronic myelogenous
leukemia or chronic granulocytic leukemia.
chronic
phase
(KRAHN-ik): Refers to the early stages of chronic myelogenous
leukemia or chronic lymphocytic leukemia. The number of mature
and immature, abnormal white blood cells in the bone marrow and
blood is higher than normal, but lower than in the accelerated
or blast phase.
chronic phase
chronic myelogenous leukemia:
A phase of chronic myelogenous leukemia that may last from several
months to several years. Although there may be no symptoms of
leukemia, there are too many white blood cells.
cidofovir: A drug used
to treat infection caused by viruses.
cimetidine: A drug usually
used to treat stomach ulcers. It is also commonly used in a regimen
to prevent allergic reactions.
ciprofloxacin: An anti-infective
drug that is also being studied in bladder cancer chemotherapy.
cirrhosis: A type of liver
disease.
cisplatin: An anticancer
drug that belongs to the family of drugs called platinum compounds.
cladribine: An anticancer
drug that belongs to the family of drugs called antimetabolites.
clarithromycin: An antibiotic
drug used to treat infection. It belongs to the family of drugs
called macrolides.
clinical
trial:
A research study that evaluates the effectiveness of new interventions
in people. Each study is designed to evaluate new methods of
screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of cancer.
clodronate: A drug used
as treatment for hypercalcemia (abnormally high levels of calcium
in the blood) and for cancer that has spread to the bone (bone
metastases). It may decrease pain, the risk of fractures, and
the development of new bone metastases.
CMA-676: An anticancer
drug used in the treatment of acute myelogenous leukemia.
CNS: Central nervous
system. The brain and spinal cord.
CNS
metastases:
Cancer that has spread from the original (primary) tumor to the
central nervous system.
CNS
prophylaxis
(pro-fih-LAK-sis): Chemotherapy or radiation therapy given to
the central nervous system (CNS) as a preventive treatment. It
is given to kill cancer cells that may be in the brain and spinal
cord, even though no cancer has been detected there.
CNS
tumors:
Tumors of the central nervous system, including brain stem glioma,
craniopharyngioma, medulloblastoma, and meningioma.
coactivated
T cells:
T cells that have been coated with monoclonal antibodies to enhance
their ability to kill tumor cells.
COL-3: An anticancer
drug that may stop tumor growth by preventing the growth of new
blood vessels into a solid tumor.
colectomy (ko-LEK-toe-mee):
An operation to remove all or part of the colon. An open colectomy
is the removal of the colon through a surgical incision made
in the wall of the abdomen. Laparoscopic-assisted colectomy uses
a thin, lighted tube attached to a video camera. It allows the
surgeon to remove the colon without a large incision.
colon (KO-lun): The
long, coiled, tubelike organ that removes water from digested
food. The remaining material, solid waste called stool, moves
through the colon to the rectum and leaves the body through the
anus.
colonoscope (ko-LAHN-o-skope):
A thin, lighted tube used to examine the inside of the colon.
colonoscopy (ko-lun-AHS-ko-pee):
An examination of the inside of the colon using a thin, lighted
tube (called a colonoscope) inserted into the rectum. If abnormal
areas are seen, tissue can be removed and examined under a microscope
to determine if disease is present.
colony-stimulating
factors:
Substances that stimulate the production of blood cells. Colony-stimulating
factors include granulocyte colony-stimulating factors (also
called G-CSF and filgrastim), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating
factors (also called GM-CSF and sargramostim), and promegapoietin.
colorectal (ko-lo-REK-tul):
Related to the colon and rectum.
colostomy (ko-LAHS-toe-mee):
An opening into the colon from the outside of the body. A colostomy
provides a new path for waste material to leave the body after
part of the colon has been removed.
colposcope: A lighted magnifying
instrument used for examination of the vagina and cervix.
colposcopy (kul-PAHS-ko-pee):
Examination of the vagina and cervix using a lighted magnifying
instrument called a colposcope.
combination
chemotherapy:
Treatment using more than one anticancer drug.
combretastatin
A4 phosphate:
An anticancer drug that reduces the blood supply to tumors; it
is a tubulin binding agent.
common
bile duct:
Carries bile from the liver and gallbladder into the duodenum
(the upper part of the small intestine).
complete
remission:
The disappearance of all signs of cancer. Also called complete
response.
complete
response:
The disappearance of all signs of cancer. Also called complete
remission.
compression
bandage:
A bandage designed to provide pressure to a particular area.
computed
tomography
(tuh-MAH-gra-fee): A series of detailed pictures of areas inside
the body; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an
x-ray machine. Also called computed tomography (CT) scan or computed
axial tomography (CAT) scan.
condylomata
acuminata
(kahn-dih-LO-ma-ta a-kyoo-mih-NA-ta): Genital warts caused by
certain human papillomaviruses.
cone
biopsy:
Surgery to remove a cone-shaped piece of tissue from the cervix
and cervical canal. Cone biopsy may be used to diagnose or treat
a cervical condition. Also called conization.
congestive
heart failure:
Weakness of the heart muscle that leads to a buildup of fluid
in body tissues.
conization (ko-nih-ZAY-shun):
Surgery to remove a cone-shaped piece of tissue from the cervix
and cervical canal. Conization may be used to diagnose or treat
a cervical condition. Also called cone biopsy.
consolidation
therapy:
Chemotherapy treatments given after induction chemotherapy to
further reduce the number of cancer cells.
continent
reservoir
(KAHN-tih-nent RES-er-vwar): A pouch formed from a piece of small
intestine to hold urine after the bladder has been removed.
continuous hyperthermic
peritoneal perfusion:
CHPP. A procedure that bathes the abdominal cavity in fluid that
contains anticancer drugs. This fluid is warmer than body temperature.
This procedure appears to kill cancer cells without harming normal
cells.
continuous
infusion:
The administration of a fluid into a blood vessel, usually over
a prolonged period of time.
cooperative
group:
A group of physicians and/or hospitals formed to treat a large
number of persons in the same way so that new treatment can be
evaluated quickly. Clinical trials of new cancer treatments often
require many more people than a single physician or hospital
can care for.
cordycepin: An anticancer
drug that belongs to a family of drugs called antitumor antibiotics.
core
biopsy:
The removal of a tissue sample with a needle for examination
under a microscope.
corpus: The body of
the uterus.
corticosteroids: Hormones that
have antitumor activity in lymphomas and lymphoid leukemias;
in addition, corticosteroids (steroids) may be used for hormone
replacement and for the management of some of the complications
of cancer and its treatment.
Corynebacterium
granulosum:
A bacterium that may stimulate the immune system to fight cancer.
co-trimoxazole: A combination
of two anti-infection drugs, sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim.
It is used to fight bacterial and protozoal infections.
craniopharyngioma (KRAY-nee-o-fah-rin-jee-O-ma):
A benign brain tumor that may be considered malignant because
it can damage the hypothalamus, the area of the brain that controls
body temperature, hunger, and thirst.
craniotomy (kray-nee-AH-toe-mee):
An operation in which an opening is made in the skull.
crisnatol
mesylate:
An anticancer drug that interferes with the DNA in cancer cells.
Crohn's
disease:
Chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract, most commonly
the bowel. Crohn's disease increases risk for colon cancer.
cryosurgery (KRYE-o-SIR-jer-ee):
Treatment performed with an instrument that freezes and destroys
abnormal tissues. This procedure is a form of cryotherapy.
cryotherapy: Any method that
uses cold temperature to treat disease.
cryptorchidism (kript-OR-kid-izm):
A condition in which one or both testicles fail to move from
the abdomen, where they develop before birth, into the scrotum.
Cryptorchidism may increase the risk for development of testicular
cancer. Also called undescended testicles.
CSF: Cerebrospinal
fluid. The fluid flowing around the brain and spinal cord. CSF
is produced in the ventricles of the brain.
CT
scan:
Computed tomography scan. A series of detailed pictures of areas
inside the body; the pictures are created by a computer linked
to an x-ray machine. Also called computed axial tomography (CAT)
scan.
curettage (kyoo-reh-TAHZH):
Removal of tissue with a curette, a spoon-shaped instrument with
a sharp edge.
curette (kyoo-RET): A
spoon-shaped instrument with a sharp edge.
cutaneous (kyoo-TAY-nee-us):
Related to the skin.
cutaneous
T-cell lymphoma:
A disease in which certain cells of the lymph system (called
T lymphocytes) become cancerous (malignant) and affect the skin.
cyclophosphamide: An anticancer
drug that belongs to the family of drugs called alkylating agents.
cyclosporine: A drug used
to help reduce the risk of rejection of organ and bone marrow
transplants by the body. It is also used in clinical trials to
make cancer cells more sensitive to anticancer drugs.
cyproterone
acetate:
A drug used to block the production of or interfere with the
action of male sex hormones.
cyst (sist): A sac
or capsule filled with fluid.
cystectomy (sis-TEK-toe-mee):
Surgery to remove the bladder.
cystoscope (SIS-toe-skope):
A thin, lighted instrument used to look inside the bladder and
remove tissue samples or small tumors.
cystoscopy (sist-AHS-ko-pee):
Examination of the bladder using a thin, lighted instrument (called
a cystoscope) inserted into the urethra. Tissue samples can be
removed and examined under a microscope to determine if disease
is present.
cytarabine: An anticancer
drug that belongs to the family of drugs called antimetabolites.
cytokines: Diverse and
potent chemical messengers secreted by the cells of the immune
system. Cytokines are also produced by recombinant DNA technology
and given to people to modulate immune response.
cytomegalovirus: A virus that
may be carried in an inactive state for life by healthy individuals.
It is a cause of severe pneumonia in people with a suppressed
immune system, such as those undergoing bone marrow transplantation
or people with leukemia or lymphoma.
cytopenia: A reduction
in the number of blood cells.
cytotoxic
chemotherapy:
Anticancer drugs that kill cells, especially cancer cells.
cytotoxic
T cells:
A type of white blood cell that can directly destroy specific
cells. T cells can be separated from other blood cells and grown
in the laboratory and then be given to the person to destroy
tumor cells. Certain cytokines can also be given to people to
assist in the formation of cytotoxic T cells within the person's
body.
D-20761: A synthetic
luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) antagonist that
suppresses LH and sex steroid levels.
dacarbazine: An anticancer
drug that belongs to the family of drugs called alkylating agents.
dactinomycin: An anticancer
drug that belongs to the family of drugs called antitumor antibiotics.
dalteparin: A drug that
helps prevent the formation of blood clots; it belongs to the
family of drugs called anticoagulants.
danazol: A synthetic
hormone that belongs to the family of drugs called androgens
and is used to treat endometriosis. It is being evaluated in
the treatment of endometrial cancer.
daunorubicin: An anticancer
drug that belongs to the family of drugs called antitumor antibiotics.
decapeptyl: Belongs to the
family of drugs called luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone
agonists. Used to block hormone production in ovarian ablation.
decitabine: An anticancer
drug that belongs to the family of drugs called antimetabolites.
deferoxamine: An iron chelating
agent that removes iron from tumors by inhibiting DNA synthesis
and causing cancer cell death. It is used in conjunction with
other anticancer agents in pediatric neuroblastoma therapy.
defibrotide: A drug under
study for the prevention of veno-occlusive disease, a rare complication
of high-dose chemotherapy and stem cell transplantation in which
small veins in the liver become blocked.
deoxycytidine: A drug that
protects healthy tissues from the toxic effects of anticancer
drugs.
DepoFoam-encapsulated cytarabine: The anticancer
drug cytarabine formulated inside small particles of a synthetic
lipid material called DepoFoam. This dosage form slowly releases
the drug and provides a sustained action.
depsipeptide: Anticancer drugs
obtained from microorganisms.
dermatitis: Inflammation
of the skin.
dermatologist (der-ma-TAH-lo-jist):
A doctor who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of skin
problems.
dermis (DER-mis): The
lower or inner layer of the two main layers of tissue that make
up the skin.
desferrioxamine: A drug that
inhibits tumor cell growth by preventing the nutrient iron from
being metabolized.
desmoid
tumor:
A tumor of the tissue that surrounds muscles, usually in the
abdomen. Desmoid tumors rarely metastasize.
dexamethasone: A synthetic
corticosteroid; it is used in the treatment of leukemia and lymphoma
and may be used for the management of some of the complications
of other cancers and their treatment.
dexrazoxane: A drug used
to protect the heart from the toxic effects of anthracycline
drugs such as doxorubicin. It belongs to the family of drugs
called chemoprotective agents.
dextromethorphan
acetic acid:An
anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called angiogenesis
inhibitors.
diabetes (dye-a-BEE-teez):
A disease in which the body does not properly control the amount
of sugar in the blood. As a result, the level of sugar in the
blood is too high. This disease occurs when the body does not
produce enough insulin or does not use it properly.
diagnosis: The process
of identifying a disease by the signs and symptoms.
diagnostic
procedure:
A method used to identify a disease.
diagnostic
trial:
A research study that evaluates methods of detecting disease.
dialysis (dye-AL-ih-sis):
The process of cleansing the blood when the kidneys are not able
to filter the blood.
diaphragm (DYE-a-fram):
The thin muscle below the lungs and heart that separates the
chest from the abdomen.
diathermy (DYE-a-ther-mee):
The use of heat to destroy abnormal cells. Also called cauterization
or electrodiathermy.
diaziquone: AZQ. An anticancer
drug that is able to cross the blood-brain barrier and kill cancer
cells in the central nervous system.
didanosine: A drug used
to treat infection caused by viruses.
di-dgA-RFB4 monoclonal antibody: An anticancer
drug that is a combination of a monoclonal antibody (RFB4) and
an immunotoxin (dgA).
diethylstilbestrol (dye-ETH-ul-stil-BES-trol):
DES. A synthetic hormone that was prescribed from the early 1940s
until 1971 to help women with complications of pregnancy. DES
has been linked to an increased risk of clear cell carcinoma
in daughters of women who had used DES. DES may also increase
the risk of breast cancer in women who used DES.
differentiation: In cancer, refers
to how mature (developed) the cancer cells are in a tumor. Differentiated
tumor cells resemble normal cells and grow at a slower rate than
undifferentiated tumor cells, which lack the structure and function
of normal cells and grow uncontrollably.
difluoromethylornithine: DFMO. An anticancer
drug that has been shown to reduce the risk of cancer in animals.
digestive
system
(dye-JES-tiv): The organs that take in food and turn it into
products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products
the body cannot use leave the body through bowel movements. The
digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus,
stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, intestines, and rectum.
digestive
tract
(dye-JES-tiv): The organs through which food passes when food
is eaten. These organs are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small
and large intestines, and rectum.
digital
rectal examination:
DRE. An examination in which a doctor inserts a lubricated, gloved
finger into the rectum to feel for abnormalities.
dihematoporphyrin
ether:
A drug used in photodynamic therapy that is absorbed by tumor
cells; when exposed to light, it becomes active and kills the
cancer cells.
dilation
and curettage
(dye-LAY-shun and kyoo-reh-TAHZH): D&C. A minor operation
in which the cervix is expanded enough (dilation) to permit the
cervical canal and uterine lining to be scraped with a spoon-shaped
instrument called a curette (curettage).
dilator (DYE-lay-tor):
A device used to stretch or enlarge an opening.
dimesna: A drug that
belongs to the family of drugs called chemoprotective agents.
dimethylxanthenone acetic
acid:
An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called
angiogenesis inhibitors.
dipyridamole: A drug that
prevents blood cell clumping and enhances the effectiveness of
fluorouracil and other chemotherapeutic agents.
disease
progression:
Cancer that continues to grow or spread.
distant
cancer:
Refers to cancer that has spread from the original (primary)
tumor to distant organs or distant lymph nodes.
disulfiram: A drug that
slows the metabolism of retinoids, allowing them to act over
a longer period of time.
diuretic: A drug that
increases the production of urine.
DNA: Deoxyribonucleic
acid. A molecule that carries genetic information.
docetaxel: An anticancer
drug that belongs to the family of drugs called mitotic inhibitors.
dolastatin
10:
An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called
mitotic inhibitors.
dose-rate: The strength
of a treatment given over a period of time.
double-blinded: A doubled-blinded
trial is a clinical trial in which neither the medical staff
nor the person knows which of several possible therapies the
person is receiving.
douche (DOOSH): A procedure
in which water or a medicated solution is used to clean the vagina
and cervix.
Down
syndrome:
A disorder caused by the presence of an extra chromosome 21 and
characterized by mental retardation and distinguishing physical
features.
doxorubicin: An anticancer
drug that belongs to the family of drugs called antitumor antibiotics.
It is an anthracycline.
doxycycline: An antibiotic
drug used to treat infection.
DPPE: Belongs to a
group of antihormone drugs.
dronabinol: A synthetic
pill form of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), an active ingredient
in marijuana that is used to treat nausea and vomiting associated
with cancer chemotherapy.
dry
orgasm:
Sexual climax without the release of semen.
DTGM
fusion protein:
An anticancer drug formed by the combination of diphtheria toxin
and a colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). The colony stimulating
factor is attracted to cancer cells and the diphtheria toxin
kills the cells.
duct (dukt): A tube
through which body fluids pass.
ductal
carcinoma in situ
(DUK-tal kar-sin-O-ma in SYE-too): DCIS. Abnormal cells that
involve only the lining of a duct. The cells have not spread
outside the duct to other tissues in the breast. Also called
intraductal carcinoma.
dumping
syndrome:
A group of symptoms that occur when food or liquid enters the
small intestine too rapidly. These symptoms include cramps, nausea,
diarrhea, and dizziness. Dumping syndrome sometimes occurs in
people who have had a portion of their stomach removed.
duodenum (doo-o-DEE-num):
The first part of the small intestine.
DX-52-1: An anticancer
drug that belongs to the family of drugs called antitumor antibiotics.
It is an anthracycline.
DX-8951f: An anticancer
drug that belongs to the family of drugs called topoisomerase
inhibitors.
dysplasia (dis-PLAY-zha):
Cells that look abnormal under a microscope, but are not cancer.
dysplastic
nevi
(dis-PLAS-tik NEE-vye): Atypical moles; moles whose appearance
is different from that of common moles. Dysplastic nevi are generally
larger than ordinary moles and have irregular and indistinct
borders. Often their color is not uniform, and ranges from pink
to dark brown; they usually are flat, but parts may be raised
above the skin surface.
dyspnea: Difficult, painful
breathing, or shortness of breath.
echocardiography: A procedure
that uses ultrasonic waves directed over the chest wall to obtain
a graphic record of the heart's position, motion of the walls,
or internal parts such as the valves.
ecteinascidin
743:
An anticancer drug that inhibits the growth of cancer cells by
disrupting the structure of tumor cell DNA.
edatrexate: An anticancer
drug that belongs to a family of drugs called antimetabolites.
edema (eh-DEE-ma):
Swelling caused by excess fluid in body tissues.
edrecolomab: A type of monoclonal
antibody used in cancer detection or therapy. Monoclonal antibodies
are laboratory- produced substances that can locate and bind
to cancer cells.
EF5: A drug that
is used to plan cancer treatment by measuring oxygen levels in
tumor cells.
eflornithine: An antiprotozoal
drug that is being studied for cancer prevention.
ejaculation: The release
of semen through the penis during orgasm.
electrodesiccation (e-LEK-tro-des-ih-KAY-shun):
The drying of tissue by a high-frequency electric current applied
with a needle-shaped electrode.
electrolarynx (e-LEK-tro-LAIR-inks):
A battery-operated instrument that makes a humming sound. An
electrolarynx is used to help persons who have had the voice
box (larynx) removed.
electroporation
therapy:
EPT. Treatment that generates electrical pulses through an electrode
placed in a tumor to enhance the ability of anticancer drugs
to enter tumor cells.
embolization (EM-bo-lih-ZAY-shun):
The blocking of an artery by a clot or foreign material. Embolization
can be done as treatment to block the flow of blood to a tumor.
emitefur: An anticancer
drug that belongs to the family of drugs called antimetabolites.
enalapril: An antihypertensive
agent that can also be used to slow or prevent the progression
of heart disease in people with childhood cancer treated with
drugs that may be harmful to the heart.
encapsulated (en-KAP-soo-lay-ted):
Confined to a specific, localized area and surrounded by a thin
layer of tissue.
endocervical
curettage
(en-do-SER-vih-kul kyoo-reh-TAHZH): The scraping of the mucous
membrane of the cervical canal using a spoon-shaped instrument
called a curette.
endocrine
cancer:
Cancer that occurs in endocrine tissue, the tissue in the body
that secretes hormones.
endocrinologist (en-do-krih-NAH-lo-jist):
A doctor that specializes in diagnosing and treating hormone
disorders.
endometrial
disorder:
Abnormal cell growth in the endometrium (the lining of the uterus).
endometriosis (en-do-mee-tree-O-sis):
A benign condition in which tissue that looks like endometrial
tissue grows in abnormal places in the abdomen.
endometrium (en-do-MEE-tree-um):
The layer of tissue that lines the uterus.
endoscope (EN-do-skope):
A thin, lighted tube used to look at tissues inside the body.
endoscopic retrograde
cholangiopancreatography
(en-do-SKAH-pik RET-ro-grade ko-LAN-jee-o-PAN-kree-a-TAW-gra-fee):
ERCP. A procedure to x-ray the pancreatic duct, hepatic duct,
common bile duct, duodenal papilla, and gallbladder. In this
procedure, a thin, lighted tube (endoscope) is passed through
the mouth and down into the first part of the small intestine
(duodenum). A smaller tube (catheter) is then inserted through
the endoscope into the bile and pancreatic ducts. A dye is injected
through the catheter into the ducts, and an x-ray is taken.
endoscopy (en-DAHS-ko-pee):
The use of a thin, lighted tube (called an endoscope) to examine
the inside of the body.
eniluracil: An anticancer
drug that increases the effectiveness of fluorouracil. Also called
ethynyluracil.
enterostomal
therapist
(en-ter-o-STO-mul): A health professional trained in the care
of persons with urostomies and other stomas.
environmental
tobacco smoke:
ETS. Smoke that comes from the burning of a tobacco product and
smoke that is exhaled by smokers (second-hand smoke). Inhaling
ETS is called involuntary or passive smoking.
enzyme: A substance
that affects the rate at which chemical changes take place in
the body.
ependymal
tumors:
A type of brain tumor that usually begins in the central canal
of the spinal cord. Ependymomas may also develop in the cells
lining the ventricles of the brain, which produce and store the
special fluid (cerebrospinal fluid) that protects the brain and
spinal cord. Also called ependymomas.
ependymomas (eh-PEN-dih-MO-ma):
A type of brain tumor that usually begins in the central canal
of the spinal cord. Ependymomas may also develop in the cells
lining the ventricles of the brain, which produce and store the
special fluid (cerebrospinal fluid) that protects the brain and
spinal cord. Also called ependymal tumors.
epidermal growth factor
receptor:
A protein found on the surface of some breast cancer cells that
allows epidermal growth factor to stimulate cell growth. Also
called HER2/neu or c-erb B-2.
epidermis (ep-i-DER-mis):
The upper or outer layer of the two main layers of tissue that
make up the skin.
epidermoid
carcinoma
(ep-i-DER-moyd kar-sin-O-ma): A type of cancer in which the cells
are flat and look like fish scales. Also called squamous cell
carcinoma.
epidural: The space between
the wall of the spinal canal and the covering of the spinal cord.
An epidural injection is given into this space.
epidural
block:
An injection of an anesthetic drug given into the space between
the wall of the spinal canal and the covering of the spinal cord.
epiglottis (ep-ih-GLAH-tis):
The flap that covers the trachea during swallowing so that food
does not enter the lungs.
epinephrine: A hormone. Also
called adrenaline.
epirubicin: An anticancer
drug that belongs to the family of drugs called antitumor antibiotics.
epithelial (ep-ih-THEE-lee-ul):
Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces
of the body.
epithelial
carcinoma
(ep-ih-THEE-lee-ul kar-sin-O-ma): Cancer that begins in the cells
that line an organ.
epithelial
ovarian cancer
(ep-ih-THEE-lee-ul): Cancer that occurs in the cells lining the
ovaries.
epithelium (EP-ih-THEE-lee-um):
A thin layer of tissue that covers organs, glands, and other
structures within the body.
epoetin
alfa:
A colony-stimulating factor that stimulates the production of
blood cells, especially platelets, during chemotherapy. It is
a cytokine that belongs to the family of drugs called hematopoietic
(blood forming) agents.
Epstein-Barr
virus:
EBV. A common virus that remains dormant in most people. It has
been associated with certain cancers, including Burkitt's lymphoma,
immunoblastic lymphoma, and nasopharyngeal carcinoma.
erb-38
immunotoxin:
A toxic substance linked to an antibody that attaches to tumor
cells and kills them.
ERCP: Endoscopic retrograde
cholangiopancreatography (en-do-SKAH-pik RET-ro-grade ko-LAN-jee-o-PAN-kree-a-TAW-gra-fee).
A procedure to x-ray the bile and pancreatic ducts. In this procedure,
a thin, lighted tube (endoscope) is passed through the mouth
and down into the first part of the small intestine (duodenum).
A smaller tube (catheter) is then inserted through the endoscope
into the bile and pancreatic ducts. A dye is injected through
the catheter into the ducts, and an x-ray is taken.
erythrocytes (eh-RITH-ro-sites):
Cells that carry oxygen to all parts of the body. Also called
red blood cells (RBCs).
erythroleukemia (eh-RITH-ro-loo-KEE-mee-a):
Cancer of the blood-forming tissues in which large numbers of
immature, abnormal red blood cells are found in the blood and
bone marrow.
erythroplakia (eh-RITH-ro-PLAY-kee-a):
A reddened patch with a velvety surface found in the mouth.
erythropoietin: A colony-stimulating
factor that stimulates the production of blood cells, especially
platelets, during chemotherapy. It is a cytokine that belongs
to the family of drugs called hematopoietic (blood forming) agents.
esophageal (eh-SOF-a-JEE-al):
Related to the esophagus, the muscular tube through which food
passes from the throat to the stomach.
esophageal
speech
(eh-SOF-a-JEE-al): Speech produced by trapping air in the esophagus
and forcing it out again. It is used by persons who have had
their voice box (larynx) removed.
esophagectomy (eh-sof-a-JEK-toe-mee):
An operation to remove a portion of the esophagus.
esophagoscopy (eh-sof-a-GAHS-ko-pee):
Examination of the esophagus using a thin, lighted tube.
esophagram (eh-SOF-a-gram):
A series of x-rays of the esophagus. The x-ray pictures are taken
after the person drinks a solution that contains barium. The
barium coats and outlines the esophagus on the x-ray. Also called
a barium swallow.
esophagus (eh-SOF-a-gus):
The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to
the stomach.
estramustine: A combination
of the hormone estradiol (an estrogen) and nitrogen mustard (an
anticancer drug). Used in the palliative therapy of prostate
cancer.
estrogen
receptor:
ER. Protein found on some cancer cells to which estrogen will
attach.
estrogen
receptor negative:
ER-. Breast cancer cells that do not have a protein (receptor
molecule) to which estrogen will attach. Breast cancer cells
that are ER- do not need the hormone estrogen to grow and usually
do not respond to hormone (antiestrogen) therapy that blocks
these receptor sites.
estrogen
receptor positive:
ER+. Breast cancer cells that have a protein (receptor molecule)
to which estrogen will attach. Breast cancer cells that are ER+
need the hormone estrogen to grow and will usually respond to
hormone (antiestrogen) therapy that blocks these receptor sites.
estrogen
replacement therapy:
ERT. Hormones (estrogen and/or progesterone) given to postmenopausal
women, or women who have had their ovaries surgically removed.
Hormones are given to replace the estrogen no longer produced
by the ovaries.
estrogens (ES-tro-jins):
A family of hormones that promote the development and maintenance
of female sex characteristics.
etanidazole: A drug that
increases the effectiveness of radiation therapy.
ethynyluracil: An anticancer
drug that increases the effectiveness of fluorouracil. Also called
eniluracil.
etidronate: A drug that
belongs to the family of drugs called bisphosphonates. Bisphosphosphonates
are used as treatment for hypercalcemia (abnormally high levels
of calcium in the blood) and for cancer that has spread to the
bone (bone metastases).
etiology: The cause or
origin of disease.
etoposide: An anticancer
drug that is a podophyllotoxin derivative and belongs to the
family of drugs called mitotic inhibitors.
evaluable
disease:
Disease that cannot be measured directly by the size of the tumor
but can be evaluated by other methods specific to a particular
clinical trial.
Ewing's
sarcoma
(YOO-ingz sar-KO-ma): A type of bone cancer that usually forms
in the middle (shaft) of large bones. Also called Ewing's sarcoma/primitive
neuroectodermal tumor (PNET).
excisional
biopsy
(EX-sih-zhon-al BY-ahp-see): The surgical procedure of removing
a tumor by cutting it out. The biopsy is then examined under
a microscope.
exemestane: An anticancer
drug used to decrease estrogen production and suppress the growth
of estrogen-dependent tumors.
extensive-stage small cell
lung cancer:
Cancer that has spread outside the lung to other tissues in the
chest or to other parts of the body.
external-beam
radiation
(ray-dee-AY-shun): Radiation therapy that uses a machine to aim
high-energy rays at the cancer. Also called external radiation.
external
radiation
(ray-dee-AY-shun): Radiation therapy that uses a machine to aim
high-energy rays at the cancer. Also called external-beam radiation.
fallopian tubes (fa-LO-pee-in):
Part of the female reproductive tract. The long slender tubes
that connect the ovaries to the uterus.
familial
dysplastic nevi
(fa-MI-lee-yul dis-PLAS-tik NEE-vye): A condition that runs in
certain families in which at least two members have dysplastic
nevi (atypical moles) and have a tendency to develop melanoma.
familial
polyposis
(pah-li-PO-sis): An inherited condition in which numerous polyps
(tissue masses) develop on the inside walls of the colon and
rectum. It increases the risk for colon cancer.
Fanconi
anemia:
A rare and often fatal inherited disease in which the bone marrow
fails to produce red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets,
or a combination of these cells. The disease may transform into
myelodysplastic syndrome or leukemia.
fatty
acids:
A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy
and tissue development.
fazarabine: An anticancer
drug that belongs to the family of drugs called antimetabolites.
fecal
occult blood test
(FEE-kul o-KULT): A test to check for blood in stool. (Fecal
refers to stool. Occult means hidden.)
fenretinide: A drug being
studied for cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs
called retinoids.
fentanyl: A narcotic opioid
drug that is used in the treatment of pain.
fertility (fer-TIL-i-tee):
The ability to produce children.
fetus (FEET-us): The
unborn child developing in the uterus.
fiber: The parts of
fruits and vegetables that cannot be digested. Also called bulk
or roughage. Fiber may be used as a cancer prevention agent.
fibroid (FYE-broyd):
A benign tumor made up of fibrous and muscular tissue.
fibrosarcoma: A type of soft
tissue sarcoma that begins in fibrous tissue, which holds bones,
muscles, and other organs in place.
fibrosis: The growth of
fibrous tissue.
filgrastim: A colony-stimulating
factor that stimulates the production of blood cells, especially
platelets, during chemotherapy. It is a cytokine that belongs
to the family of drugs called hematopoietic (blood forming) agents.
Also called granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF).
finasteride: A drug used
to reduce the amount of male hormone (testosterone) produced
by the body.
fine-needle
aspiration:
The removal of tissue or fluid with a needle for examination
under a microscope. Also called needle biopsy.
flavopiridol: Belongs to the
family of anticancer drugs called flavinols.
flecainide: A drug that
is used to treat abnormal heart rhythms. It may also relieve
neuropathic pain, the burning, stabbing, or stinging pain that
may arise from damage to nerves caused by some types of cancer
or cancer treatment.
floxuridine: An anticancer
drug that belongs to the family of drugs called antimetabolites.
flt3L: A drug that
increases the number of immune cells, and may stimulate the immune
system to kill cancer cells.
fluconazole: A drug that
treats infections caused by fungi.
flucytosine: A drug that
treats infections caused by fungi.
fludarabine: An anticancer
drug that belongs to the family of drugs called antimetabolites.
fludeoxyglucose
F 18:
The radioactive form of glucose used in positron emission tomography
(PET), a diagnostic imaging procedure.
fludrocortisone: A synthetic
corticosteroid. It is used to replace steroid hormones normally
produced by the adrenal gland.
fluoroscope (FLOOR-o-skope):
An x-ray machine that makes it possible to see internal organs
in motion.
fluoroscopy (floor-AHS-ko-pee):
An x-ray procedure that makes it possible to see internal organs
in motion.
fluorouracil (floor-o-YOOR-a-sil):
An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called
antimetabolites.
flutamide: An anticancer
drug that belongs to the family of drugs called antiandrogens.
folic
acid:
A B complex vitamin that is being studied as a cancer prevention
agent.
follicles (FOL-i-kuls):
Shafts through which hair grows.
FR901228: An anticancer
drug that belongs to the family of drugs called depsipeptides.
fractionation: Dividing the
total dose of radiation therapy into several smaller, equal doses
delivered over a period of several days.
fulguration (ful-gyoor-AY-shun):
Destroying tissue using an electric current.
fundus: The larger part
of a hollow organ that is farthest away from the organ's opening.
The bladder, gallbladder, stomach, uterus, eye, and the cavity
of the middle ear all have a fundus.
gadolinium texaphyrin: A substance
that makes tumor cells more sensitive to radiation; it can also
enhance tumor images using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
Gadolinium texaphyrin belongs to the family of drugs called metalloporphyrin
complexes.
gallbladder (GAWL-blad-er):
The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is stored
in the gallbladder.
gallium
nitrate:
A drug that lowers blood calcium. Used as treatment for hypercalcemia
(too much calcium in the blood) and for cancer that has spread
to the bone (bone metastases).
gamma
knife:
Radiation therapy in which high-energy rays are aimed at a tumor
from many angles in a single treatment session.
ganciclovir: An antiviral
agent used to prevent or treat cytomegalovirus infections that
may occur when the body is immunosuppressed.
gastrectomy (gas-TREK-toe-mee):
An operation to remove all or part of the stomach.
gastric (GAS-trik): Having
to do with the stomach.
gastric
atrophy
(GAS-trik AT-ro-fee): A condition in which the stomach muscles
shrink and become weak. The digestive (peptic) glands may also
shrink, resulting in a lack of digestive juices.
gastroenterologist (GAS-tro-en-ter-AHL-o-jist):
A doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders
of the digestive system.
gastrointestinal: Refers to the
stomach and intestine.
gastrointestinal
tract
(GAS-tro-in-TES-tih-nul): The stomach and intestines.
gastroscope (GAS-tro-skope):
A thin, lighted tube used to view the inside of the stomach.
gastroscopy (gas-TRAHS-ko-pee):
An examination of the inside of the stomach using a thin, lighted
tube (called a gastroscope) passed through the mouth and esophagus.
G-CSF: Granulocyte
colony-stimulating factor. A substance that stimulates the production
of neutrophils, a type of white blood cell. Also called filgrastim.
geldanamycin
analogue:
An antineoplastic antibiotic drug that belongs to the family
of drugs called ansamycins.
GEM
231:
A drug that may inhibit the growth of malignant tumors.
gemcitabine: An anticancer
drug that belongs to the family of drugs called antimetabolites.
gene: The functional
and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring.
Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information
for making a specific protein.
gene
deletion:
The total loss or absence of a gene.
gene-modified: Cells that have
been altered to contain different genetic material than they
originally did.
gene
therapy:
Treatment that alters a gene. In studies of gene therapy for
cancer, researchers are trying to improve the body's natural
ability to fight the disease or to make the cancer cells more
sensitive to other kinds of therapy.
genetic: Inherited; having
to do with information that is passed from parents to children
through genes in sperm and egg cells.
genetic
markers:
Alterations in DNA that may indicate an increased risk of developing
a specific disease or disorder.
genetic
testing:
Analyzing DNA to look for a genetic alteration that may indicate
an increased risk for developing a specific disease or disorder.
genistein: A soybean product
being studied for cancer prevention. It belongs to the family
of drugs called enzyme inhibitors.
genitourinary
system
(GEN-ih-toe-YOO-rin-air-ee): The parts of the body that play
a role in reproduction, in getting rid of waste products in the
form of urine, or in both.
germ
cell tumors:
Tumors that begin in the cells that give rise to sperm or eggs.
They can occur virtually anywhere in the body and can be either
benign or malignant.
germ
cells:
The reproductive cells of the body, specifically, either egg
or sperm cells.
germinoma (jer-mih-NO-ma):
The most frequent type of germ cell tumor in the brain.
germline
mutation:
A gene change in the body's reproductive cells (egg or sperm)
that becomes incorporated into the DNA of every cell in the body
of offspring; germline mutations are passed on from parents to
offspring. Also called hereditary mutation.
gestational trophoblastic
disease:
A rare cancer in women of child-bearing age in which cancer cells
grow in the tissues that are formed in the uterus following conception.
Also called gestational trophoblastic tumor, gestational trophoblastic
neoplasia, molar pregnancy, or choriocarcinoma.
gestational trophoblastic
neoplasia:
A rare cancer in women of child-bearing age in which cancer cells
grow in the tissues that are formed in the uterus following conception.
Also called gestational trophoblastic disease, gestational trophoblastic
tumor, molar pregnancy, or choriocarcinoma.
gestational trophoblastic
tumor:
A rare cancer in women of child-bearing age in which cancer cells
grow in the tissues that are formed in the uterus following conception.
Also called gestational trophoblastic disease, gestational trophoblastic
neoplasia, molar pregnancy, or choriocarcinoma.
GI14721: An antitumor
drug that belongs to the family of drugs called topoisomerase
inhibitors. It is a camptothecin analogue.
gland: An organ that
produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body.
Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others
produce hormones or participate in blood production.
Gleason
score:
A system of grading prostate cancer cells to determine the best
treatment and to predict how well a person is likely to do. A
low Gleason score means the cancer cells are very similar to
normal prostate cells; a high Gleason score means the cancer
cells are very different from normal.
glial
tumors:
A general term for many types of tumors of the central nervous
system, including astrocytomas, ependymal tumors, glioblastoma
multiforme, and primitive neuroectodermal tumors.
glioblastoma (glee-o-blas-TOE-ma):
A general term that refers to malignant astrocytoma, a type of
brain tumor.
glioblastoma
multiforme
(glee-o-blas-TOE-ma mul-tih-FOR-may): A type of brain tumor that
forms from glial (supportive) tissue of the brain. It grows very
quickly and has cells that look very different from normal cells.
Also called grade IV astrocytoma.
gliomas (glee-O-mas):
Cancers of the brain and spinal cord which arise from glial,
or supportive, cells.
gliosarcoma: A type of glioma.
glottis (GLAH-tis): The
middle part of the larynx; the area where the vocal cords are
located.
glufosfamide: An anticancer
drug that belongs to the family of drugs called alkylating agents.
glutamine: An amino acid
used in nutrition therapy. It is also being studied for the treatment
of diarrhea caused by radiation therapy to the pelvis.
GM-CSF: Granulocyte-macrophage
colony-stimulating factor. A substance that stimulates the production
of white blood cells, especially granulocytes and macrophages.
Also called sargramostim.
GM2-KLH
vaccine:
A substance used to stimulate the production of antibodies that
fight certain cancer cells.
gonads: The part of
the reproductive system that produces and releases eggs (ovaries)
or sperm (testicles/testes).
goserelin: A drug that
belongs to the family of drugs called gonadotropin-releasing
hormone analogues. Goserelin is used to block hormone production
in the ovaries or testicles.
gossypol: An anticancer
drug extracted from the cotton plant.
gp
100:
Glycoprotein 100 (gp 100) is a tumor-specific antigen used in
the development of cancer vaccines.
GPX-100: An anticancer
drug that belongs to the family of drugs called antitumor antibiotics.
It is an anthracycline.
grade: The grade of
a tumor is determined by how abnormal the cancer cells appear
when examined under a microscope, the probable growth rate of
the tumor, and its tendency to spread. The systems used to grade
tumors vary with each type of cancer.
grading: A system for
classifying cancer cells in terms of how abnormal they appear
when examined under a microscope. The objective of a grading
system is to provide information about the probable growth rate
of the tumor and its tendency to spread. The systems used to
grade tumors vary with each type of cancer. Grading plays a role
in treatment decisions.
graft: Healthy skin,
bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used
to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part
of the body.
graft-versus-host
disease:
GVHD. A reaction of donated bone marrow or peripheral stem cells
against a person's tissue.
graft-versus-tumor: An immune response
to a person's tumor cells by immune cells present in a donor's
transplanted tissue, such as bone marrow or peripheral blood.
granisetron: A drug that
prevents or reduces nausea and vomiting.
granulocyte (GRAN-yoo-lo-site):
A type of white blood cell that fights bacterial infection. Neutrophils,
eosinophils, and basophils are granulocytes.
granulocyte colony- stimulating
factor:
G-CSF. A substance that stimulates the production of blood cells,
especially platelets, during chemotherapy. It is a cytokine that
belongs to the family of drugs called hematopoietic (blood forming)
agents. Also called filgrastim.
granulocytopenia: A deficiency
in the number of granulocytes, a type of white blood cell.
groin: The area where
the thigh meets the abdomen.
growth
factors:
Substances made by the body that function to regulate cell division
and cell survival. Some growth factors are also produced in the
laboratory and used in biological therapy.
GVHD: Graft-versus-host
disease. A reaction of donated bone marrow or peripheral stem
cells against a person's tissue.
gynecologic
cancer
(guy-neh-ko-LAH-jik): Cancer of the female reproductive tract,
including the cervix, endometrium, fallopian tubes, ovaries,
uterus, and vagina.
gynecologic
oncologists
(guy-neh-ko-LAH-jik on-KOL-o-jists): Doctors who specialize in
treating cancers of the female reproductive organs.
gynecologist (guy-neh-KAH-lo-jist):
A doctor who specializes in treating diseases of the female reproductive
organs.
hair follicles (FOL-i-kuls):
Shafts or openings on the surface of the skin through which hair
grows.
hairy
cell leukemia:
A type of chronic leukemia in which the abnormal white blood
cells appear to be covered with tiny hairs when viewed under
a microscope.
Helicobacter
pylori
(HEEL-ih-ko-BAK-ter pye-LOR-ee): Bacteria that cause inflammation
and ulcers in the stomach.
hemangiopericytoma: A type of cancer
involving blood vessels and soft tissue.
hematogenous: Originating
in the blood or spread through the bloodstream.
hematologic
malignancies:
Cancers of the blood or bone marrow, including leukemia and lymphoma.
Also called hematologic cancers.
hematologist (hee-ma-TOL-o-jist):
A doctor who specializes in treating diseases of the blood.
hematoporphyrin
derivative:
A drug used in photodynamic therapy that is absorbed by tumor
cells. When exposed to light, it becomes active and kills the
cancer cells.
heparin: A drug that
helps prevent blood clots from forming.
hepatic: Refers to the
liver.
hepatitis (hep-a-TYE-tis):
Inflammation of the liver.
hepatitis
B:
A type of hepatitis that is carried and passed to others through
the blood or sexual contact.
hepatoblastoma (HEP-a-toe-blas-TOE-ma):
A type of liver tumor that occurs in infants and children.
hepatocellular
carcinoma
(HEP-a-toe-SEL-yoo-ler kar-sin-O-ma): This is a type of adenocarcinoma,
the most common type of liver tumor.
hepatocyte (HEP-a-toe-site):
A liver cell.
hepatoma (hep-a-TOE-ma):
A liver tumor.
HER2/neu
gene:
The gene that makes the human epidermal growth factor receptor
2. The protein produced is HER2/neu antigen, which is involved
in growth of some cancer cells. Also called c-erbB-2.
hereditary
mutation:
A gene change in the body's reproductive cells (egg or sperm)
that becomes incorporated into the DNA of every cell in the body
of offspring; hereditary mutations are passed on from parents
to offspring. Also called germline mutation.
herpes
virus
(HER-peez VYE-rus): A member of the herpes family of viruses.
high-grade
lymphomas:
Includes large cell, immunoblastic, lymphoblastic, and small
noncleaved cell lymphomas. These lymphomas grow quickly but have
a better response to anticancer drugs than that seen with low-grade
lymphomas.
histamine
dihydrochloride:
A drug being studied for its ability to enhance the effectiveness
of IL-2 in treating acute myeloid leukemia.
HIV
antibody:
A substance produced by certain white blood cells in reaction
to contact with HIV, the human immunodeficiency virus.
Hodgkin's
disease:
A malignant disease of the lymphatic system that is characterized
by painless enlargement of lymph nodes, the spleen, or other
lymphatic tissue. It is sometimes accompanied by symptoms such
as fever, weight loss, fatigue, and night sweats.
holmium
HO 166 DOTMP:
A drug containing a radioactive isotope that is used in the diagnosis
and treatment of cancer. Also called 166 Holium DOTMP.
homeopathic
remedies:
Small doses of medicines and/or herbs that are believed to stimulate
the immune system.
homoharringtonine: An anticancer
drug that belongs to the plant alkaloid family of drugs.
hormonal
therapy:
Treatment of cancer by removing, blocking, or adding hormones.
Also called endocrine therapy.
hormone
receptor test:
A test to measure the amount of certain proteins, called hormone
receptors, in cancer tissue. Hormones can attach to these proteins.
A high level of hormone receptors may mean that hormones help
the cancer grow.
hormone
replacement therapy:
HRT. Hormones (estrogen and/or progesterone) given to postmenopausal
women or women who have had their ovaries surgically removed
in order to replace the estrogen no longer produced by the ovaries.
hormone
therapy:
Treatment of cancer by removing, blocking, or adding hormones.
Also called endocrine therapy.
hormones: Chemicals produced
by glands in the body and circulated in the bloodstream. Hormones
control the actions of certain cells or organs.
hu14.18-interleukin-2 fusion
protein:
An anticancer drug in which hu14.18, a monoclonal antibody, is
combined with interleukin-2. The monoclonal antibody binds to
the cancer cells and delivers IL-2 which stimulates the immune
system to destroy the cancer cells.
human
papillomavirus
(pap-ih-LO-ma VYE-rus): HPV. A virus that causes abnormal tissue
growth (warts) and is often associated with some types of cancer.
humidifier (hyoo-MID-ih-fye-er):
A machine that puts moisture in the air.
hydrocephalus (hye-dro-SEF-uh-lus):
The abnormal buildup of cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles
of the brain.
hydrocortisone: A drug used
to relieve the symptoms of certain hormone shortages, and to
suppress an immune response.
hydromorphone: A drug used
to relieve pain.
hydroxyurea: An anticancer
drug that belongs to the family of drugs called antimetabolites.
hypercalcemia (hye-per-kal-SEE-mee-a):
High levels of calcium in the blood.
hyperfractionation: A way of giving
radiation therapy in smaller-than-usual doses two or three times
a day instead of once a day.
hyperplasia (hye-per-PLAY-zha):
An abnormal increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue.
hypersensitivity: An exaggerated
response by the immune system to a drug or other substance.
hyperthermia (hye-per-THER-mee-a):
A type of treatment in which body tissue is exposed to high temperatures
to damage and kill cancer cells, or to make cancer cells more
sensitive to the effects of radiation and certain anticancer
drugs.
hyperthermic
perfusion:
A procedure in which a warmed solution containing anticancer
drugs is used to bathe, or is passed through the blood vessels
of, the tissue or organ containing the tumor.
hyperthyroidism: A condition
in which the thyroid gland produces too much thyroid hormone.
hyperuricemia: A buildup of
uric acid (a byproduct of metabolism) in the blood; a side effect
of some anticancer drugs.
hypopharynx: The bottom part
of the throat. Cancer of the hypopharynx is also called hypopharyngeal
cancer.
hypothalamus (hye-po-THAL-uh-mus):
The area of the brain that controls body temperature, hunger,
and thirst.
hysterectomy (hiss-ter-EK-toe-mee):
An operation in which the uterus is removed.
ICI
182780:
A drug that blocks estrogen activity in the body and is used
in the therapy of estrogen dependent tumors such as breast cancer.
idarubicin: An anticancer
drug that belongs to the family of drugs called antitumor antibiotics.
Also called 4-demethoxydaunorubicin.
IDEC-Y2B8
monoclonal antibody:
An anticancer drug that is a combination of a monoclonal antibody
and a radioisotope (yttrium Y 90).
idoxifene: A drug that
blocks the effects of estrogen.
idoxuridine: A drug that
reduces the risk of cancer cell growth by interfering with the
cells' DNA.
ifosfamide: An anticancer
drug that belongs to the family of drugs called alkylating agents.
ileostomy (il-ee-AHS-toe-mee):
An opening into the ileum, part of the small intestine, from
the outside of the body. An ileostomy provides a new path for
waste material to leave the body after part of the intestine
has been removed.
IM-862: An anticancer
drug that belongs to the family of drugs called angiogenesis
inhibitors.
imagery: A technique
in which the person focuses on positive images in his or her
mind.
imaging: Tests that produce
pictures of areas inside the body.
imaging
procedures:
Methods of producing pictures of areas inside the body.
imipenem: An antibiotic
drug used to treat infection.
immune
function:
Production and action of cells that fight disease or infection.
immune
response:
The activity of the immune system against foreign substances
(antigens).
immune
system
(im-YOON): The complex group of organs and cells that defends
the body against infection or disease.
immunocompromised: Having a weakened
immune system caused by certain diseases or treatments.
immunodeficiency: The decreased
ability of the body to fight infection and disease.
immunodeficiency
syndrome:
The inability of the body to produce an immune response.
immunoglobulins: Proteins that
function as antibodies.
immunologic
adjuvant:
A drug that stimulates the immune system to respond to disease.
immunology: The study of
the body's immune system.
immunoscintigraphy: An imaging procedure
in which antibodies labeled with radioactive substances are given
to the person. A picture is taken of sites in the body where
the antibody localizes.
immunosuppression: Suppression
of the body's immune system and its ability to fight infections
or disease. Immunosuppression may be deliberately induced with
drugs, such as in preparation for bone marrow or other organ
transplantation in order to prevent rejection of the donor tissue.
It may also result from certain diseases, such as AIDS or lymphoma,
or from anticancer drugs.
immunosuppressive
therapy:
Therapy used to decrease the body's immune response, such as
drugs given to prevent transplant rejection.
immunotherapy (IM-yoo-no-THER-a-pee):
Treatment to stimulate or restore the ability of the person's
immune system to fight infection and disease. Also used to lessen
side effects that may be caused by some cancer treatments. Also
called biological therapy or biological response modifier (BRM)
therapy.
immunotoxins: Toxic substances
linked to an antibody that attaches to tumor cells and kills
them.
implant
radiation:
Radiation therapy that is given internally. This is done by placing
radioactive material that is sealed in needles, seeds, wires,
or catheters directly into or near the tumor. Also called internal
radiation or brachytherapy.
implantable
pump:
A small device installed under the skin to administer a steady
dose of drugs.
impotent (IM-po-tent):
Inability to have an erection adequate for sexual intercourse.
in
situ cancer:
Early cancer that has not spread to neighboring tissue.
in
vitro:
In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo
(in the body).
in
vivo:
In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body).
incidence: The number of
new cases of a disease diagnosed each year.
incision (in-SIH-zhun):
A cut made in the body during surgery.
incisional
biopsy
(in-SIH-zhun-ul bY-ahp-see): The procedure of removing a sample
of tissue by cuts made into the body during surgery. The biopsy
is then examined under a microscope.
incomplete
Freund's adjuvant:
A drug used in vaccine therapy to stimulate the immune system.
Also called Montanide ISA-51.
incontinence (in-KAHN-tih-nens):
Inability to control the flow of urine from the bladder.
incubated: Grown in the
laboratory under controlled conditions. (For instance, white
blood cells can be grown in special conditions so that they attack
specific cancer cells when returned to the body.)
indinavir: A drug that
interferes with the ability of a virus to make copies of itself.
indium
In 111 pentetreotide:
An anticancer drug belonging to a family of drugs called radiopharmaceuticals.
indolent (IN-doe-lint):
A type of cancer that grows slowly.
indolent
lymphoma:
Lymphoma that grows slowly and has few symptoms.
indomethacin: A drug that
belongs to the family of drugs called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory
drugs (NSAIDs). Indomethacin reduces pain, fever, swelling and
redness. It is also being used to reduce tumor-induced suppression
of the immune system and to increase the effectiveness of anticancer
drugs.
induction
therapy:
Treatment designed to be used as a first step toward shrinking
the cancer and in evaluating response to drugs and other agents.
Induction therapy is followed by additional therapy to eliminate
whatever cancer remains.
infertility: The inability
to produce children.
infiltrating
cancer:
Cancer that has spread beyond the layer of tissue in which it
developed and is growing into surrounding, healthy tissues. Also
called invasive cancer.
inflammatory
bowel disease:
A general term that refers to the inflammation of the colon and
rectum. Inflammatory bowel disease includes ulcerative colitis
and Crohn's disease.
inflammatory
breast cancer:
A type of breast cancer in which the breast looks red and swollen,
and feels warm. The skin of the breast may also show the pitted
appearance called peau d'orange (like the skin of an orange).
The redness and warmth occur because the cancer cells block the
lymph vessels in the skin.
infusion: The introduction
of a fluid, including drugs, into the blood stream. Also called
intravenous infusion.
inguinal
orchiectomy
(IN-gwin-al or-kee-EK-toe-mee): An operation in which the testicle
is removed through an incision in the groin.
insulin (IN-su-lin):
A hormone made by the islet cells of the pancreas. Insulin controls
the amount of sugar in the blood.
interferons (in-ter-FEER-ons):
Biological response modifiers (substances that can improve the
body's natural response to disease). Interferons interfere with
the division of cancer cells and thus slow the growth of the
tumor. There are several types of interferons, including interferon
alfa, beta, and gamma. These substances are normally produced
by the body. They are also made in the laboratory for use in
treating cancer and other diseases.
interleukin-2 (in-ter-LOO-kin):
IL-2. A type of biological response modifier (a substance that
can improve the body's natural response to disease) that stimulates
the growth of certain disease-fighting blood cells in the immune
system. These substances are normally produced by the body. They
are also made in the laboratory for use in treating cancer and
other diseases. Also called aldesleukin.
interleukin-3: IL-3. A type
of biological response modifier (a substance that can improve
the body's natural response to disease) that enhances the immune
system's ability to fight tumor cells. These substances are normally
produced by the body. They are also made in the laboratory for
use in treating cancer and other diseases.
interleukin-4: IL-4. A type
of biological response modifier (a substance that can improve
the body's natural response to disease) that enhances the immune
system's ability to fight tumor cells. These substances are normally
produced by the body. They are also made in the laboratory for
use in treating cancer and other diseases.
interleukin-4 pe38kdel immunotoxin: An anticancer
drug that belongs to the family of drugs called immunotoxins.
interleukin-11: IL-11. A type
of biological response modifier (a substance that can improve
the body's natural response to disease) that stimulates immune
response and may reduce toxicity to the gastrointestinal system
resulting from cancer therapy. These substances are normally
produced by the body. They are also made in the laboratory for
use in treating cancer and other diseases. Also called oprelvekin.
interleukin-12: IL-12. A type
of biological response modifier (a substance that can improve
the body's natural response to disease) that enhances the ability
of the immune system to kill tumor cells, and that may interfere
with blood flow to the tumor. These substances are normally produced
by the body. They are also made in the laboratory for use in
treating cancer and other diseases.
interleukins (in-ter-LOO-kins):
Biological response modifiers (substances that can improve the
body's natural response to disease) that help the immune system
fight infection and cancer. These substances are normally produced
by the body. They are also made in the laboratory for use in
treating cancer and other diseases.
intermediate-grade
lymphomas:
Includes diffuse small, cleaved cell lymphoma and diffuse large,
noncleaved cell lymphoma. These are more aggressive than low-grade
lymphomas, but they have a better response to anticancer drugs.
internal
radiation
(ray-dee-AY-shun): Radiation therapy that is given internally.
This is done by placing radioactive material that is sealed in
needles, seeds, wires, or catheters directly into or near the
tumor. Also called implant radiation or brachytherapy.
intestine (in-TES-tin):
The long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the
process of digestion. It consists of the small and large intestines.
Also called the bowel.
intoplicine: An anticancer
drug that belongs to the family of drugs called topoisomerase
inhibitors.
intracarotid
infusion:
The introduction of fluids and drugs directly into the carotid
artery, the main artery in the neck; it carries blood from the
heart to the brain.
itraconazole: A drug used
to prevent or treat fungal infections; it belongs to the family
of drugs called antifungal agents.
intracranial
tumors:
Tumors that occur in the brain.
intraductal
carcinoma
(DUK-tal kar-sin-O-ma in SYE-too): Abnormal cells that involve
only the lining of a duct. The cells have not spread outside
the duct to other tissues in the breast. Also called ductal carcinoma
in situ.
intraepithelial (in-tra-eh-pih-THEEL-ee-ul):
Within the layer of cells that form the surface or lining of
an organ.
intrahepatic (in-tra-hep-AT-ik):
Within the liver.
intrahepatic
bile duct
(in-tra-hep-AT-ik): The bile duct that passes through and drains
bile from the liver.
intrahepatic
infusion:
The delivery of anticancer drugs directly to the blood vessels
of the liver.
intraoperative radiation
therapy:
IORT. Radiation treatment aimed directly at a tumor during surgery.
intraperitoneal (IN-tra-per-ih-toe-NEE-al):
Within the peritoneal cavity, the area that contains the abdominal
organs.
intraperitoneal
chemotherapy
(IN-tra-per-ih-toe-NEE-al KEE-mo-THER-a-pee): Treatment in which
anticancer drugs are put directly into the abdominal cavity through
a thin tube.
intraperitoneal
infusion:
A method of delivering fluids and drugs directly into the abdominal
cavity through a thin tube.
intrathecal (in-tra-THEE-cal):
The thin space between the lining of the spinal cord and brain.
intrathecal
chemotherapy
(in-tra-THEE-cal KEE-mo-THER-a-pee): Anticancer drugs infused
into the thin space between the lining of the spinal cord and
brain to treat or reduce the risk of cancers in the brain and
spinal cord.
intravenous (in-tra-VEE-nus):
IV. Injected into a blood vessel.
intravenous
pyelogram
(in-tra-VEE-nus PYE-el-o-gram): IVP. A series of x-rays of the
kidneys, ureters, and bladder. The x-rays are taken after a dye
is injected into a blood vessel. The dye is concentrated in the
urine, which outlines the kidneys, ureters, and bladder on the
x-rays.
intravenous
pyelography
(in-tra-VEE-nus pye-LAH-gra-fee): IVP. X-ray study of the kidneys,
ureters, and bladder. The x-rays are taken after a dye is injected
into a blood vessel. The dye is concentrated in the urine, which
outlines the kidneys, ureters, and bladder on the x-rays.
intraventricular
infusion:
The delivery of a drug into a space within an organ.
intravesical (in-tra-VES-ih-kal):
Within the bladder.
invasive
cancer:
Cancer that has spread beyond the layer of tissue in which it
developed and is growing into surrounding, healthy tissues. Also
called infiltrating cancer.
invasive
cervical cancer:
Cancer that has spread from the surface of the cervix to tissue
deeper in the cervix or to other parts of the body.
ionomycin: An antibiotic
drug used to treat infection.
IORT: Intraoperative
radiation therapy. Radiation treatment aimed directly at a tumor
during surgery.
irinotecan: An anticancer
drug that belongs to a family of anticancer drugs called topoisomerase
inhibitors. It is a camptothecin analogue. Also called CPT 11.
ISIS
3521:
An anticancer drug that may inhibit tumor growth.
ISIS
5132:
An anticancer drug that may inhibit tumor growth.
islet
cell cancer
(EYE-let): Cancer arising from cells in the islets of Langerhans,
which are found in the pancreas.
islets
of Langerhans
(EYE-lets of lANG-er-hanz): Hormone-producing cells in the pancreas.
isoflavones: Compounds found
in soy beans that may help prevent cancer.
isolated
hepatic perfusion:
A procedure in which a catheter is placed into the artery that
provides blood to the liver; another catheter is placed into
the vein that takes blood away from the liver. This temporarily
separates the liver's blood supply from blood circulating throughout
the rest of the body and allows high doses of anticancer drugs
to be directed to the liver only.
isotretinoin: A drug that
belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. It is used in
the treatment of acne and psoriasis and is being studied in cancer
prevention. Also called 13-cis retinoic acid.
IV: Intravenous
(in-tra-VEE-nus). Injected into a blood vessel.
IVP: Intravenous
pyelogram or intravenous pyelography (in-tra-VEE-nus PYE-el-o-gram
or pye-LAH-gra-fee). A series of x-rays of the kidneys, ureters,
and bladder. The x-rays are taken after a dye is injected into
a blood vessel. The dye is concentrated in the urine, which outlines
the kidneys, ureters, and bladder on the x-rays.
jaundice (JAWN-dis): A
condition in which the skin and the whites of the eyes become
yellow and the urine darkens. Jaundice occurs when the liver
is not working properly or when a bile duct is blocked.
Kaposi's sarcoma (KAP-o-seez sar-KO-ma):
A type of cancer characterized by the abnormal growth of blood
vessels that develop into skin lesions or occur internally.
keloid (KEY-loyd): A
thick, irregular scar caused by excessive tissue growth at the
site of an incision or wound.
keratinocyte
growth factor:
A substance that stimulates the growth of epithelial cells that
line the surface of the mouth and intestinal tract.
ketoconazole: A drug that
treats infection caused by a fungus. It is also used as a treatment
for prostate cancer as it can block the production of the male
sex hormone.
ketorolac: A drug that
belongs to a family of drugs called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory
agents. It is being studied in cancer prevention.
keyhole
limpet hemocyanin:
KLH. One of a group of drugs called immune modulators, given
as a vaccine to help the body respond to cancer.
kidneys (KID-neez): A
pair of organs in the abdomen that remove waste from the blood.
The waste leaves the body as urine.
killer
cells:
White blood cells that attack tumor cells and body cells that
have been invaded by foreign substances.
KRN5500: An anticancer
drug that belongs to a family of drugs called antitumor antibiotics.
It is an anthracycline.
Krukenberg
tumor
(KROO-ken-berg TOO-mer): A tumor in the ovary caused by the spread
of stomach cancer.
KW2189: A semisynthetic
anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called antitumor
antibiotics.
L-778,123: An anticancer
drug that belongs to the family of drugs called enzyme inhibitors.
It may inhibit the transformation of normal cells into cancer
cells.
lactose
intolerance:
The inability to digest or absorb lactose, a type of sugar found
in milk and other dairy products.
lamivudine: A drug used
to treat infection caused by viruses.
laparoscopic-assisted colectomy: Surgery done
with the aid of a laparoscope (a thin, lighted tube) to remove
part or all of the colon through small incisions made in the
wall of the abdomen.
laparoscopy (lap-a-RAHS-ko-pee):
The insertion of a thin, lighted tube (called a laparoscope)
through the abdominal wall to inspect the inside of the abdomen
and remove tissue samples.
laparotomy (lap-a-RAH-toe-mee):
A surgical incision made in the wall of the abdomen.
large
cell carcinomas
(kar-sin-O-mas): A group of lung cancers in which the cells are
large and look abnormal when viewed under a microscope.
laryngeal (lair-IN-jee-al):
Refers to the larynx.
laryngectomee (lair-in-JEK-toe-mee):
A person who has had his or her larynx (voice box) removed.
laryngectomy (lair-in-JEK-toe-mee):
An operation to remove all or part of the larynx (voice box).
laryngoscope (lair-IN-jo-skope):
A thin, lighted tube used to examine the larynx (voice box).
laryngoscopy (lair-in-GOS-ko-pee):
Examination of the larynx (voice box) with a mirror (indirect
laryngoscopy) or with a laryngoscope (direct laryngoscopy).
larynx (LAIR-inks):
The area of the throat containing the vocal cords and used for
breathing, swallowing, and talking. Also called the "voice
box."
laser (LAY-zer): A
device that concentrates light into an intense, narrow beam used
to cut or destroy tissue. It is used in microsurgery, photodynamic
therapy, and for a variety of diagnostic purposes.
laser
therapy:
The use of an intensely powerful beam of light to kill cancer
cells.
leflunomide: An anticancer
drug that works by inhibiting a cancer cell growth factor. Also
called SU101.
leiomyosarcoma: A tumor of the
muscles in the uterus or abdomen/pelvis.
lepirudin: A drug that
inhibits blood clotting; it is being studied in cancer treatment.
leptomeningeal
cancer:
A tumor that involves the tissues that cover the brain and spinal
cord.
leptomeningeal
metastases:
Cancer that has spread from the original (primary) tumor to the
tissues that cover the brain and spinal cord.
lesion (LEE-zhun): An
area of abnormal tissue change.
letrozole: An anticancer
drug that belongs to the family of drugs called nonsteroidal
aromatase inhibitors. Letrozole is used to decrease estrogen
production and suppress the growth of estrogen dependent tumors.
leucovorin: A drug used
to protect normal cells from high doses of the anticancer drug
methotrexate. It is also used to increase the antitumor effects
of fluorouracil and tegafur-uracil, an oral treatment alternative
to intravenous fluorouracil.
leukapheresis: Removal of the
blood to collect specific blood cells; the remaining blood is
returned to the body.
leukemia (loo-KEE-mee-a):
Cancer of blood-forming tissue.
leukocytes (LOO-ko-sites):
Cells that help the body fight infections and other diseases.
Also called white blood cells (WBCs).
leukoplakia (loo-ko-PLAY-kee-a):
A white patch that may develop on mucous membranes, such as the
cheek, gums, or tongue, and may become cancerous.
leuprolide: An anticancer
drug that belongs to a family of drugs called gonadotropin-releasing
hormone analogues. Used to block hormone production in the ovaries
or testicles.
levamisole: An antiparasitic
drug that is also being studied in cancer therapy with fluorouracil.
LH-RH: Abbreviation
for luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone, a hormone that controls
the production of sex hormones in men and women.
liarozole: An anticancer
drug that promotes differentiation by increasing the levels of
retinoic acid within the tumor.
Li-Fraumeni
syndrome:
A rare, inherited predisposition to multiple cancers, caused
by an alteration in the p53 tumor suppressor gene.
ligation (lye-GAY-shun):
The process of tying off blood vessels so that blood cannot flow
to a part of the body or to a tumor.
limb
perfusion
(per-FYOO-zhun): A technique that may be used to deliver anticancer
drugs directly to an arm or leg. The flow of blood to and from
the limb is temporarily stopped with a tourniquet, and anticancer
drugs are put directly into the blood of the limb. This allows
the person to receive a high dose of drugs in the area where
the cancer occurred.
limited-stage small cell
lung cancer:
Cancer is found in one lung and in nearby lymph nodes.
lipids: Fats found in
the body.
liposarcoma: A rare cancer
of the fat cells.
liposomal: A drug preparation
that contains the active drug in very tiny fat particles. This
fat-encapsulated drug is absorbed better and its distribution
to the tumor site is improved.
lisofylline: A drug that
may protect healthy cells from chemotherapy and radiation without
inhibiting the effects of these therapies on tumor cells.
liver: A large, glandular
organ, located in the upper abdomen, that cleanses the blood
and aids in digestion by secreting bile.
liver
metastases:
Cancer that has spread from the original (primary) tumor to the
liver.
liver
scan:
An image of the liver created on a computer screen or on film.
A radioactive substance is injected into a blood vessel and travels
through the bloodstream. It collects in the liver, especially
in abnormal areas, and can be detected by the scanner.
LMB-1
immunotoxin:
A toxic substance linked to an antibody that attaches to tumor
cells and kills them.
LMB-2
immunotoxin:
A toxic substance linked to an antibody that attaches to tumor
cells and kills them.
LMB-7
immunotoxin:
A toxic substance linked to an antibody that attaches to tumor
cells and kills them.
LMB-9
immunotoxin:
A toxic substance linked to an antibody that attaches to tumor
cells and kills them.
lobaplatin: An anticancer
drug that belongs to the family of drugs called platinum compounds.
lobe: A portion of
an organ such as the liver, lung, breast, or brain.
lobectomy (lo-BEK-toe-mee):
The removal of a lobe.
lobular
carcinoma in situ
(LOB-yoo-lar kar-sin-O-ma in SYE-too): LCIS. Abnormal cells found
in the lobules of the breast. This condition seldom becomes invasive
cancer. However, having lobular carcinoma in situ increases one's
risk of developing breast cancer in either breast.
lobule (LOB-yule): A
small lobe or subdivision of a lobe.
local
cancer:
An invasive malignant cancer confined entirely to the organ where
the cancer began.
local
therapy:
Treatment that affects cells in the tumor and the area close
to it.
localized: Restricted to
the site of origin without evidence of spread.
localized
gallbladder cancer:
Cancer is found only in the tissues that make up the wall of
the gallbladder; it can be removed completely in an operation.
locally
advanced cancer:
Cancer that has spread only to nearby tissues or lymph nodes.
lomustine: An anticancer
drug that belongs to the family of drugs called alkylating agents.
loperamide
hydrochloride:
An antidiarrheal drug.
losoxantrone: An anticancer
drug that belongs to the family of drugs called antipyrazoles.
lower
GI series:
X-rays of the colon and rectum that are taken after the person
is given a barium enema.
low-grade
lymphomas:
Lymphomas that tend to grow and spread slowly, including chronic
lymphocytic lymphoma and follicular small cleaved cell lymphoma.
Also called indolent lymphomas.
LU
79553:
An anticancer drug that kills cancer cells by affecting DNA synthesis.
LU-103793: An anticancer
drug that reduces the risk of tumor cell growth and reproduction.
lubricants (LOO-brih-kants):
Oily or slippery substances.
lumbar
puncture:
The insertion of a needle into the lower part of the spinal column
to collect cerebrospinal fluid or to give anticancer drugs intrathecally.
Also called a spinal tap.
lumpectomy (lump-EK-toe-mee):
Surgery to remove the tumor and a small amount of normal tissue
around it.
lung
metastases:
Cancer that has spread from the original (primary) tumor to the
lung.
lurtotecan: An anticancer
drug that belongs to the family of drugs called topoisomerase
inhibitors.
luteinizing hormone-releasing
hormone agonist
(LOO-tin-eye-zing. . .AG-o-nist): LH-RH agonist. A substance
that closely resembles luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone
(LH-RH), which controls the secretion of sex hormones. However,
LH-RH agonists affect the body differently than does LH-RH. LH-RH
agonists eventually cause a decrease in the secretion of sex
hormones.
lutetium
texaphrin:
An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs used in
photodynamic therapy. This drug is a photosensitizer; when activated
by light it can kill cancer cells.
LY231514: An anticancer
drug that belongs to the family of drugs called enzyme inhibitors.
LY353381
hydrochloride:
A hormone substance used in the treatment of some types of cancer.
lymph (limf): The almost
colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and
carries cells that help fight infection and disease.
lymph
node drainage:
The flow of lymph from an area of tissue into a particular lymph
node.
lymph
node mapping:
The use of dyes and radioactive substances to identify lymph
nodes that contain tumor cells.
lymph
nodes:
Small organs located throughout the body along the channels of
the lymphatic system. The lymph nodes store special cells that
fight infection and other diseases. Clusters of lymph nodes are
found in the underarms, groin, neck, chest, and abdomen. Also
called lymph glands.
lymphadenectomy: A surgical procedure
in which the lymph nodes are removed and examined to see if they
contain cancer. Also called lymph node dissection.
lymphangiogram (lim-FAN-jee-o-gram):
X-rays of the lymphatic system. A dye is injected into a lymphatic
vessel and travels throughout the lymphatic system. The dye outlines
the lymphatic vessels and organs on the x-ray.
lymphangiography (lim-FAN-jee-AH-gra-fee):
An x-ray study of the lymphatic system. A dye is injected into
a lymphatic vessel and travels throughout the lymphatic system.
The dye outlines the lymphatic vessels and organs on the x-ray.
lymphatic
system
(lim-FAT-ik): The tissues and organs that produce, store, and
carry white blood cells that fight infection and other diseases.
This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph
nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white
blood cells. These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all
the tissues of the body.
lymphedema (LIMF-eh-DEE-ma):
A condition in which excess lymph collects in tissue and causes
swelling. It may occur in the arm or leg after lymph vessels
or lymph nodes in the underarm or groin are removed.
lymphocytes (LIM-fo-sites):
White blood cells. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the
immune system, including the production of antibodies and other
substances that fight infection and other diseases.
lymphocytic (lim-fo-SIT-ik):
Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell.
lymphography: An x-ray study
of lymph nodes and lymphatic vessels made visible by the injection
of a special dye.
lymphoid (LIM-foyd): Referring
to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue
in which lymphocytes develop.
lymphokine-activated killer
cells:
White blood cells that are stimulated in a laboratory to kill
tumor cells. Also called LAK cells.
lymphoma (lim-FO-ma):
Cancer that arises in cells of the lymphatic system.
lymphomatoid
granulomatosis:
Destructive growth of lymph cells, usually involving the lungs,
skin, kidneys, and central nervous system. Grades I and II are
not considered cancerous, but grade III is considered a lymphoma.
lymphoproliferative
disorders:
Diseases in which cells of the lymphatic system grow excessively.
These disorders are often treated similarly to cancer.
M
proteins:
Antibodies or parts of antibodies found in unusually large amounts
in the blood or urine of people with multiple myeloma.
MAGE-3: A gene found
in some types of tumors.
magnetic
resonance imaging
(mag-NET-ik REZ-o-nans IM-a-jing): MRI. A procedure in which
a magnet linked to a computer is used to create detailed pictures
of areas inside the body.
maintenance
therapy:
Treatment that is given to help reduce the risk of relapse in
persons whose cancer is in remission.
malabsorption
syndrome:
A group of symptoms such as gas, bloating, abdominal pain, and
diarrhea resulting from the body's inability to properly absorb
nutrients.
malignancy: A cancerous
tumor that can invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to
other parts of the body.
malignant (ma-LIG-nant):
Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby
tissue and spread to other parts of the body.
malignant
ascites:
A condition in which fluid containing cancer cells collects in
the abdomen.
malignant fibrous histiocytoma: A sarcoma that
usually begins in soft tissue. It usually appears as an enlarging,
painful mass that can cause fracture due to destruction of the
bone by a spreading tumor.
malignant
meningioma:
A rare, quickly growing tumor that occurs in the membranes that
cover and protect the brain and spinal cord (meninges).
malignant
mesothelioma:
A rare type of cancer in which malignant cells are found in the
sac lining the chest or abdomen. Exposure to airborne asbestos
particles increases one's risk of developing malignant mesothelioma.
MALT
lymphoma:
Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma. A type of cancer
that arises in cells in mucosal tissue that are involved in antibody
production.
mammogram (MAM-o-gram):
An x-ray of the breast.
mammography (mam-OG-ra-fee):
An x-ray study of the breast.
mantle
field
(MAN-tul): The area of the neck, chest, and lymph nodes in the
armpit that are exposed to radiation.
marimastat: An anticancer
drug that belongs to the family of drugs called angiogenesis
inhibitors. Marimastat is a matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor.
marker: A diagnostic
indication that disease may develop.
mastectomy (mas-TEK-toe-mee):
Surgery to remove the breast (or as much of the breast tissue
as possible).
MDL
101,731:
A drug that belongs to a family of drugs called ribonucleotide
reductase inhibitors.
measurable
disease:
A tumor that can be accurately measured in size. This information
can be used to judge response to treatment.
mechlorethamine: An anticancer
drug that belongs to the family of drugs called alkylating agents.
medial supraclavicular lymph
nodes:
Lymph nodes located above the collar bone and between the center
of the body and a line drawn through the nipple to the shoulder.
mediastinoscopy (MEE-dee-a-stin-AHS-ko-pee):
A procedure in which a tube is inserted into the chest to view
the organs in the area between the lungs and nearby lymph nodes.
The tube is inserted through an incision above the breastbone.
This procedure is usually used to get a tissue sample from the
lymph nodes on the right side of the chest.
mediastinum (mee-dee-a-STYE-num):
The area between the lungs. The organs in this area include the
heart and its large blood vessels, the trachea, the esophagus,
the bronchi, and lymph nodes.
medical
castration:
Refers to the use of drugs to suppress the function of the ovaries
or testicles.
medical
oncologist
(on-KOL-o-jist): A doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating
cancer using chemotherapy, hormone therapy, and biological therapy.
A medical oncologist often serves as the person's main caretaker
and coordinates treatment provided by other specialists.
medroxyprogesterone: A hormonal anticancer
drug that is also used in cancer prevention. It belongs to the
family of drugs called progestins.
medulloblastoma (MED-yoo-lo-blas-TOE-ma):
A malignant brain tumor that begins in the lower part of the
brain and can spread to the spine or to other parts of the body.
Medulloblastomas are sometimes called primitive neuroectodermal
tumors (PNET).
megestrol: A drug that
belongs to the group of hormones called progestins, used as hormone
therapy to block estrogen and to suppress the effects of estrogen
and androgens. It is also used to stimulate the appetite in people
with cancer.
melanin (MEL-a-nin):
The substance that gives the skin its color.
melanocytes (mel-AN-o-sites):
Cells in the skin that produce and contain the pigment called
melanin.
melanoma: A form of skin
cancer that arises in melanocytes, the cells that produce pigment.
Melanoma usually begins in a mole.
melanoma
vaccine:
A cancer vaccine prepared from human melanoma cancer cells. It
is used either alone or with other therapy in treating melanoma.
melphalan: An anticancer
drug that belongs to the family of drugs called alkylating agents.
membrane: A very thin
layer of tissue that covers a surface.
MEN-10755: An anticancer
drug that belongs to the family of drugs called antitumor antibiotics.
meningeal: Refers to the
meninges, the tissue covering the brain and spinal cord.
meningeal
metastases:
Cancer that has spread from the original (primary) tumor to the
tissue covering the brain and/or spinal cord.
meninges (meh-NIN-jeez):
The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal
cord.
meningioma (meh-nin-jee-O-ma):
A type of tumor that occurs in the meninges, the membranes that
cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. Meningiomas usually
grow slowly.
menopause (MEN-o-pawz):
The time of life when a woman's menstrual periods stop for at
least a year. Also called "change of life."
menstrual
cycle
(MEN-stroo-al): The monthly cycle of hormonal changes from the
beginning of one menstrual period to the beginning of the next.
menstruation: Periodic discharge
of blood and tissue from the uterus. Until menopause, menstruation
occurs approximately every 28 days when a woman is not pregnant.
mercaptopurine: An anticancer
drug that belongs to the family of drugs called antimetabolites.
Merkel
cell cancer:
A rare type of cancer that develops on or just beneath the skin.
mesenchymal: Refers to cells
that develop into connective tissue, blood vessels, and lymphatic
tissue.
mesna: A drug that
helps protect the kidneys and bladder from the toxic effects
of anticancer drugs, such as ifosfamide and cyclophosphamide.
metabolism: The chemical
and physical processes that occur to maintain the body and produce
energy.
metaplasia: A change of
cells to a form that does not normally occur in the tissue in
which it is found.
metastasis (meh-TAS-ta-sis):
The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Cells
in the metastatic (secondary) tumor are the same type as those
in the original (primary) tumor.
metastasize (meh-TAS-ta-size):
To spread from one part of the body to another. When cancer cells
metastasize and form secondary tumors, the cells in the metastatic
tumor are like those in the original (primary) tumor.
metastatic
cancer:
Cancer that has spread from the place in which it started to
other parts of the body.
methotrexate: An anticancer
drug that belongs to the family of drugs called antimetabolites.
methoxsalen: A drug used
in ultraviolet light therapy.
methylphenidate: A drug that
is a central nervous system stimulant.
methylprednisolone: A corticosteroid
hormone replacement.
metoclopramide: A drug that
prevents or reduces nausea and vomiting.
metronidazole: A drug used
to treat bacterial, fungal, and parasitic infections. It is also
being studied in the treatment of some cancers.
MG98: An anticancer
drug that belongs to the family of drugs called antisense compounds.
These drugs interfere with production of certain proteins in
the cell.
microcalcifications (MY-krow-kal-si-fi-KAY-shunz):
Tiny deposits of calcium in the breast that cannot be felt but
can be detected on a mammogram. A cluster of these very small
specks of calcium may indicate that cancer is present.
mifepristone: An anticancer
drug that blocks the action of progesterone, a hormone that affects
the growth of some cancers.
mineral: A nutrient required
to maintain health.
misoprostol: A radioprotective
agent that belongs to the family of drugs called prostaglandins.
mitolactol: An anticancer
drug that belongs to the family of drugs called alkylating agents.
mitomycin: An anticancer
drug that belongs to the family of drugs called antitumor antibiotics.
mitotane: An anticancer
drug used in treating adrenocortical cancer and ACTH producing
pituitary tumors (Cushing's disease).
mitotic
inhibitors:
Drugs that kill cancer cells by interfering with cell division
(mitotis).
mitoxantrone: An anticancer
drug that belongs to the family of drugs called antitumor antibiotics.
mivobulin
isethionate:
An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called
mitotic inhibitors. Also called CI-980.
mixed
gliomas:
Brain tumors that occur in more than one type of brain cell,
including astrocytes, ependymal cells, and/or oligodendrocytes.
modified
radical mastectomy (mas-TEK-toe-mee):
Surgical procedure in which the breast, some of the lymph nodes
in the armpit, and the lining over the chest muscles are removed.
molar
pregnancy:
A rare cancer in women of child-bearing age in which cancer cells
grow in the tissues that are formed in the uterus following conception.
Also called gestational trophoblastic disease, gestational trophoblastic
neoplasia, gestational trophoblastic tumor, or choriocarcinoma.
mole: A benign growth
on the skin (usually tan, brown, or flesh-colored) that contains
a cluster of melanocytes and surrounding supportive tissue.
monoclonal
antibodies
(MAH-no-KLO-nul AN-tih-BAH-deez): Laboratory-produced substances
that can locate and bind to cancer cells wherever they are in
the body. Many monoclonal antibodies are used in cancer detection
or therapy; each one recognizes a different protein on certain
cancer cells. Monoclonal antibodies can be used alone, or they
can be used to deliver drugs, toxins, or radioactive material
directly to the tumor.
monocyte: A type of white
blood cell.
morphology: The science
of the form and structure of organisms (plants, animals, and
other forms of life).
morphine: A narcotic drug
used in the treatment of pain.
MRI: Magnetic resonance
imaging (mag-NET-ik REZ-o- nans IM-a-jing). A procedure in which
a magnet linked to a computer is used to create detailed pictures
of areas inside the body.
mucin/peptide
:
A protein/sugar compound made by some cancer cells.
mucositis: A complication
of some cancer therapies in which the lining of the digestive
system becomes inflamed. Often seen as sores in the mouth.
mucus: A thick, slippery
fluid produced by the membranes that line certain organs of the
body, including the nose, mouth, throat, and vagina.
muJ591
monoclonal antibody:
A type of monoclonal antibody used in cancer detection or therapy.
Monoclonal antibodies are laboratory-produced substances that
can locate and bind to cancer cells.
multidrug
resistance:
Adaptation of tumor cells to anticancer drugs in ways that make
the drugs less effective.
multidrug resistance inhibition: Treatment used
to make cancer cells less resistant to anticancer drugs.
multimodality
treatment:
Therapy that combines more than one method of treatment.
multiple
myeloma
(mye-eh-LO-ma): Cancer that arises in plasma cells, a type of
white blood cell.
muromonab-CD3 monoclonal
antibody:
A type of monoclonal antibody used in cancer detection or therapy.
Monoclonal antibodies are laboratory-produced substances that
can locate and bind to cancer cells.
mutations: Changes in the
structure of genes. A mutation may be inherited or caused by
an environmental exposure. Certain changes may lead to cancer
or other diseases. Also called a gene alteration.
mycophenolate
mofetil:
A drug that is being studied for its effectiveness in preventing
graft-versus-host disease and autoimmune disorders.
mycosis
fungoides
(mye-KO-sis fun-GOY-deez): A type of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma that
first appears on the skin and can spread to the lymph nodes or
other organs such as the spleen, liver, or lungs.
mycostatin: A drug that
treats infections caused by fungi.
myelin (MYE-eh-lin):
The fatty substance that covers and protects nerves.
myelodysplasia: Abnormal bone
marrow cells that may lead to myelogenous leukemia.
myelodysplastic
syndrome
(MYE-eh-lo-dis-PLAS-tik SIN-drome): Disease in which the bone
marrow does not function normally. Also called preleukemia or
smoldering leukemia.
myelofibrosis: A disorder in
which the bone marrow is replaced by fibrous tissue.
myelogenous (mye-eh-LAH-jen-us):
Produced by or originating in the bone marrow.
myelogram (MYE-eh-lo-gram):
An x-ray of the spinal cord following an injection of dye into
the space between the lining of the spinal cord and brain.
myeloid (MYE-eh-loyd):
Pertaining to, derived from, or manifesting certain features
of the bone marrow. In some cases also pertains to certain types
of non-lymphocyte white blood cells found in the bone marrow,
including granulocyte, monocyte, and platelet lineages. Also
called myelogenous.
myeloma: Cancer that
arises in plasma cells, a type of white blood cell.
myeloproliferative
disorders:
Diseases in which too many blood cells are made in the bone marrow.
myelosuppressive
therapy:
Treatment that inhibits blood cell production.
myometrium (mye-o-MEE-tree-um):
The muscular outer layer of the uterus.
N-acetyl cysteine: An antioxidant
drug that may keep cancer cells from developing or reduce the
risk of growth of existing cancer.
nasopharynx (NAY-zo-fair-inks):
The upper part of the throat behind the nose. An opening on each
side of the nasopharynx leads into the ear.
neck
dissection
(dye-SEK-shun): Surgery to remove lymph nodes and other tissues
in the neck.
needle
biopsy:
The removal of tissue or fluid with a needle for examination
under a microscope. Also called a fine-needle aspiration.
negative
axillary lymph nodes:
Lymph nodes in the armpit that are free of cancer.
nelfinavir
mesylate:
A drug that interferes with the ability of a virus to make copies
of itself.
neoadjuvant
therapy:
Treatment given before the primary treatment. Neoadjuvant therapy
can be chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or hormone therapy.
neoplasia (NEE-o-PLAY-zha):
Abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth.
neoplasm: A new growth
of benign or malignant tissue.
neoplastic
meningitis:
Tumor cells that have spread from the original (primary) tumor
to the tissue that covers the brain and/or spinal cord.
nephrectomy (nef-REK-toe-mee):
Surgery to remove the kidney. Radical nephrectomy removes the
kidney, the adrenal gland, nearby lymph nodes, and other surrounding
tissue. Simple nephrectomy removes only the kidney. Partial nephrectomy
removes the tumor, but not the entire kidney.
nephrotomogram (nef-ro-TOE-mo-gram):
A series of x-rays of the kidneys. The x-rays are taken from
different angles. They show the kidneys clearly, without the
shadows of the organs around them.
neuroblastoma: Cancer that
arises in immature nerve cells and that affects mostly infants
and children.
neuroectodermal
tumor:
A tumor of the central or peripheral nervous systems.
neuroendocrine: Refers to the
nervous system and the endocrine system (and the hormones produced
by the endocrine glands).
neurologist (noo-ROL-o-jist):
A doctor who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of disorders
of the nervous system.
neuroma (noo-RO-ma):
A tumor that arises in nerve cells.
neuropathy: A general term
that refers to changes in the peripheral nervous system.
neurosurgeon (NOO-ro-SER-jun):
A doctor who specializes in surgery on the brain, spine, and
other parts of the nervous system.
neurotoxicity: The tendency
of some treatments to cause damage to the nervous system.
neutropenia: An abnormal
decrease in the number of neutrophils, a type of white blood
cell.
neutrophil (NOO-tro-fil):
A type of white blood cell.
nevus (NEE-vus): A
benign growth on the skin, such as a mole. A mole is a cluster
of melanocytes and surrounding supportive tissue that usually
appears as a tan, brown, or flesh-colored spot on the skin. The
plural of nevus is nevi (NEE-vye).
NG-monomethyl-L-arginine: An amino acid
derivative used to counteract high blood pressure caused by interleukin-2.
niacinamide: A vitamin. It
is being studied to increase the effect of radiation therapy
on tumor cells. Also called nicotinamide.
nimodipine: Belongs to a
family of drugs called calcium channel blockers. It is being
investigated for use with anticancer drugs to prevent or overcome
drug resistance and improve response to chemotherapy.
nipple
discharge:
Fluid coming from the nipple.
nitrocamptothecin: An alkaloid
drug belonging to a class of anticancer agents called topoisomerase
inhibitors.
nitrosoureas (nye-TRO-so-yoo-REE-ahz):
A group of anticancer drugs that can cross the blood-brain barrier.
Carmustine and lomustine are nitrosoureas.
node-negative: Cancer that
has not spread to the lymph nodes.
nolatrexed: An anticancer
drug that belongs to the family of drugs called thymidylate synthase
inhibitors. Also called AG337.
non-Hodgkin's
lymphoma:
A group of cancers of the lymphoid system, including acute lymphoblastic
leukemia, B cell lymphoma, Burkitt's lymphoma, diffuse cell lymphoma,
follicular lymphoma, immunoblastic large cell lymphoma, lymphoblastic
lymphoma, mantle cell lymphoma, mycosis fungoides, post-transplantation
lymphoproliferative disorder, small non-cleaved cell lymphoma,
and T-cell lymphoma.
nonmelanoma
skin cancer:
Skin cancer that arises in basal cells or squamous cells but
not in melanocytes (pigment producing cells of the skin).
nonmelanomatous: Skin cancer
that arises in basal cells or squamous cells but not in melanocytes
(pigment producing cells of the skin).
nonmetastatic: Cancer that
has not spread from the primary (original) site to other sites
in the body.
nonseminoma (non-sem-ih-NO-ma):
A group of testicular cancers that begin in the germ cells (cells
that give rise to sperm). Nonseminomas are identified by the
type of cell they begin in and include embryonal carcinoma, teratoma,
choriocarcinoma, and yolk sac carcinoma.
nonsmall
cell lung cancer:
A group of lung cancers that includes squamous cell carcinoma,
adenocarcinoma, and large cell carcinoma.
novobiocin: An antibiotic
drug used to treat infection.
NR-LU-10
antigen:
A protein found on the surface of some cancers.
NSAIDs: Nonsteroidal
anti-inflammatory drugs. A group of drugs that decrease swelling,
pain, and redness.
nystatin: A drug that
treats infections caused by fungi.
O(6)-benzylguanine: A drug that
may improve the response of cancer cells to chemotherapy.
oat
cell cancer:
A type of lung cancer in which the cells look like oats when
viewed under a microscope. Also called small cell lung cancer.
observation: The person's
condition is closely monitored, but treatment does not begin
until symptoms appear or change. Also called watchful waiting.
octreotide: A drug similar
to the naturally-occurring growth hormone inhibitor somatostatin.
Octreotide is used to treat diarrhea and flushing associated
with certain types of tumors.
ofloxacin: An antibiotic
drug used to treat infection.
oligodendroglial
tumors:
Rare, slow-growing tumors that begin in brain cells called oligodendrocytes,
which provide support and nourishment for cells that transmit
nerve impulses. Also called oligodendroglioma.
oligodendroglioma (OL-ih-go-den-dro-glee-O-ma):
A rare, slow-growing tumor that begins in brain cells called
oligodendrocytes, which provide support and nourishment for cells
that transmit nerve impulses. Also called oligodendroglial tumor.
oltipraz: A drug used
in cancer prevention.
omega-3
fatty acid:
A type of fat obtained in the diet and involved in immunity.
omeprazole: A drug that
inhibits gastric acid secretion.
Ommaya
reservoir
(o-MYE-a REZ-er-vwahr): A device surgically placed under the
scalp and used to deliver anticancer drugs to the fluid surrounding
the brain and spinal cord.
oncogene: A gene that
normally directs cell growth. If altered, it can promote or allow
the uncontrolled growth of cancer. Alterations can be inherited
or caused by an environmental exposure to carcinogens.
oncologist (on-KOL-o-jist):
A doctor who specializes in treating cancer.
oncology: The study of
cancer.
oncology
nurse:
A nurse who specializes in treating and caring for people who
have cancer.
ondansetron: A drug that
prevents or reduces nausea and vomiting.
ONYX-015: A modified cold
virus that selectively grows in and destroys certain types of
cancer cells and leaves normal cells undamaged.
oophorectomy (o-o-for-EK-toe-mee):
Surgery to remove one or both ovaries.
ophthalmoscope (off-THAL-mo-skope):
A lighted instrument used to examine the inside of the eye, including
the retina and the optic nerve.
optic
nerve:
The nerve that carries messages from the retina to the brain.
oral
surgeon:
A dentist with special training in surgery of the mouth and jaw.
orchiectomy (or-kee-EK-toe-mee):
Surgery to remove one or both testicles.
organisms: Plants, animals,
and other forms of life.
oropharynx (or-o-FAIR-inks):
The middle part of the throat that includes the soft palate,
the base of the tongue, and the tonsils.
osteolytic: Causing the
breakdown of bone.
osteoporosis (os-tea-oh-pa-ROW-sis):
A condition that is characterized by a decrease in bone mass
and density, causing bones to become fragile.
osteosarcoma (AHS-tee-o-sar-KO-ma):
A cancer of the bone that affects primarily children and adolescents.
Also called osteogenic sarcoma.
ostomy (AHS-toe-mee):
A surgically created opening from an area inside the body to
the outside. Colostomy and urostomy are types of ostomies. Also
called stoma.
otolaryngologist (AH-toe-lar-in-GOL-o-jist):
A doctor who specializes in treating diseases of the ear, nose,
and throat.
ovarian
ablation:
Surgery, radiation therapy, or a drug treatment to stop the functioning
of the ovaries. also called ovarian suppression.
ovaries (O-vahr-eez):
The pair of female reproductive glands in which the ova, or eggs,
are formed. The ovaries are located in the pelvis, one on each
side of the uterus.
overexpress: An excess of
a particular protein on the surface of a cell.
oxaliplatin: An anticancer
drug that belongs to the family of drugs called platinum compounds.
OXi-104: An anticancer
drug being evaluated in combination with cisplatin.
P-30
protein:
An anticancer drug that may inhibit cancer cell growth.
p53
gene:
A tumor suppressor gene that normally inhibits the growth of
tumors. This gene is altered in many types of cancer.
paclitaxel: An anticancer
drug that belongs to the family of drugs called mitotic inhibitors.
Paget's
disease of the nipple:
A form of breast cancer in which the tumor grows from ducts beneath
the nipple onto the surface of the nipple. Symptoms commonly
include itching and burning and an eczema-like condition around
the nipple, sometimes accompanied by oozing or bleeding.
PALA: An anticancer
drug that is being studied to increase the effectiveness of the
chemotherapy drug fluorouracil.
palate (PAL-et): The
roof of the mouth. The front portion is bony (hard palate), and
the back portion is muscular (soft palate).
palliative
therapy:
Treatment given to relieve symptoms caused by advanced cancer.
Palliative therapy does not alter the course of a disease, but
improves the quality of life.
palpation: Examination
by pressing on the surface of the body to feel the organs or
tissues underneath.
pamidronate: A drug that
belongs to the family of drugs called bisphosphonates. Pamidronate
is used as treatment for abnormally high levels of calcium in
the blood.
Pancoast
tumor:
Non-small cell lung cancer that originates in the upper portion
of the lung and extends to other nearby tissues such as the ribs
and vertebrae. Also called a pulmonary sulcus tumor.
pancreas: A glandular
organ located in the abdomen. It makes pancreatic juices, and
it produces several hormones, including insulin. The pancreas
is surrounded by the stomach, intestines, and other organs.
pancreatectomy (pan-kree-a-TEK-toe-
mee): Surgery to remove the pancreas. In a total pancreatectomy,
a portion of the stomach, the duodenum, common bile duct, gallbladder,
spleen, and nearby lymph nodes also are removed.
pancreatic
enzymes:
A group of proteins secreted by the pancreas which aid in digestion
of food.
pancreatic
juices:
Fluids made by the pancreas. Pancreatic juices contain proteins
called enzymes that aid in digestion.
Pap
test:
The collection of cells from the cervix for examination under
a microscope. It is used to detect changes that may be cancer
or may lead to cancer, and can show noncancerous conditions,
such as infection or inflammation. Also called a Pap smear.
papillary
tumor
(PAP-ih-lar-ee tOO-mer): A tumor shaped like a small mushroom
with its stem attached to the epithelial layer (inner lining)
of an organ.
papilledema (pap-il-eh-DEE-ma):
Swelling around the optic disk.
paracentesis: Insertion of
a thin needle or tube into the abdomen to remove fluid from the
peritoneal cavity.
paralysis (pa-RAL-ih-sis):
Loss of ability to move all or part of the body.
paraneoplastic
syndrome
(pair-a-nee-o-PLAS-tik): A group of symptoms that may develop
when substances released by some cancer cells disrupt the normal
function of surrounding cells and tissue.
paroxetine
hydrocholoride:
An antidepressant drug.
partial
remission:
The shrinking, but not complete disappearance, of a tumor in
response to therapy. Also called partial response.
partial
response:
The shrinking, but not complete disappearance, of a tumor in
response to therapy. Also called partial remission.
pathologic
fracture:
A broken bone caused by disease, often by metastases to the bone.
pathologist (pa-THOL-o-jist):
A doctor who identifies diseases by studying cells and tissues
under a microscope.
peau
d'orange:
A dimpled condition of the skin of the breast, resembling the
skin of an orange, sometimes found in inflammatory breast cancer.
pediatric (pee-dee-AT-rik):
Pertaining to children.
pegaspargase: A modified form
of asparaginase, an anticancer drug that belongs to the family
of drugs derived from enzymes.
PEG-interferon
alfa-2B:
An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called
biological response modifiers. PEG-interferon alfa-2B is a cytokine.
Also called SCH 54031.
PEG-MGDF: A synthetic
form of a protein that is normally made in the body to regulate
the production of platelets.
peldesine: An anticancer
drug.
pelvis: The lower part
of the abdomen, located between the hip bones.
penclomedine: Penclomedine
is an anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called
alkylating agents.
penicillamine: A drug that
removes copper from the body and is used to treat diseases in
which there is an excess of this metal. It is also being studied
as a possible angiogenesis inhibitor in brain tumors.
penicillin: An antibiotic
drug used to treat infection.
pentetic
acid calcium:
A drug that protects healthy tissues from the toxic effects of
anticancer drugs.
pentosan
polysulfate:
A drug used to relieve pain or discomfort associated with chronic
inflammation of the bladder. It is also being evaluated for its
protective effects on the gastrointestinal tract in people receiving
radiation therapy.
pentostatin: An anticancer
drug that belongs to the family of drugs called antimetabolites.
pentoxifylline: A drug used
to prevent blood clotting and as a treatment that may help reduce
weight loss in people with cancer.
peptide: Any compound
consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of
proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins.
peptide
946:
A protein that causes white blood cells to recognize and destroy
melanoma cells.
percutaneous transhepatic
cholangiography
(per-kyoo-TAN-ee-us trans-heh-PAT-ik ko-LAN-jee-AH-gra-fee):
A procedure to x-ray the hepatic and common bile ducts. A contrasting
agent is injected into the liver or bile duct, and the ducts
are then x-rayed to find the point of obstruction. Also called
PTC.
perfusion: Bathing an organ
or tissue with a fluid. In regional perfusion, a specific area
of the body (usually an arm or a leg) receives high doses of
anticancer drugs through a blood vessel. Such a procedure is
performed to treat cancer that has not spread.
pericardial
effusion:
An abnormal collection of fluid inside the membrane that covers
the heart.
perifosine: An anticancer
drug that belongs to the family of drugs called alkylphospholipids.
perillyl
alcohol:
A drug used in cancer prevention that belongs to the family of
plant drugs called monoterpenes.
perimenopausal: The time of
a woman's life when menstrual periods become irregular. Refers
to the time near menopause.
perineal
prostatectomy
(peh-rih-NEE-al pros-ta-TEK-toe-mee): Surgery to remove the prostate
through an incision made between the scrotum and the anus.
peripheral
blood:
Blood circulating throughout the body.
peripheral
stem cell support
(per-IF-er-al): A method of replacing blood-forming cells destroyed
by cancer treatment. Immature blood cells (stem cells) in the
circulating blood that are similar to those in the bone marrow
are removed from the person's blood before treatment. The cells
are given back to the person after treatment. Also called peripheral
stem cell transplantation.
peripheral stem cell transplantation (per-IF-er-al):
A method of replacing blood-forming cells destroyed by cancer
treatment. Immature blood cells (stem cells) in the circulating
blood that are similar to those in the bone marrow are given
to the person after treatment to help the bone marrow recover
and continue producing healthy blood cells. Transplantation may
be autologous (the person's blood cells saved earlier), allogeneic
(blood cells donated by someone else), or syngeneic (blood cells
donated by an identical twin). Also called peripheral stem cell
support.
peripheral
stem cells:
Immature cells found circulating in the bloodstream. New blood
cells develop from peripheral stem cells.
peristalsis (pair-ih-STAL-sis):
The rippling motion of muscles in the intestine or other tubular
organs characterized by the alternate contraction and relaxation
of the muscles that propel the contents onward.
peritoneal
cavity:
The space within the abdomen that contains the intestines, the
stomach, and the liver. It is bound by thin membranes.
peritoneal
perfusion:
A method of delivering fluids and drugs directly to tumors in
the peritoneal cavity.
peritoneum (PAIR-ih-toe-NEE-um):
The tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the
organs in the abdomen.
pernicious
anemia
(per-NISH-us a-NEE- mee-a): A type of anemia (low red blood cell
count) caused by a lack of vitamin B12.
PET
scan:
Positron emission tomography scan. A computerized image of the
metabolic activity of the body tissues used to determine the
presence of disease.
petechiae (peh-TEE-kee-a):
Pinpoint, unraised, round red spots under the skin caused by
bleeding.
pharynx (FAIR-inks):
The hollow tube about 5 inches long that starts behind the nose
and ends at the top of the trachea (windpipe) and esophagus (the
tube that goes to the stomach).
phase
I trial:
Phase I trials are the first step in testing a new treatment
in humans. In these studies, researchers look for the best way
to give a new treatment (for example, by mouth, IV drip, or injection),
and the best dose. The drug is usually given in progressively
higher doses to determine the highest dose that does not cause
harmful side effects. Because little is known about the possible
risks and benefits of treatments being tested, phase I trials
usually include only a limited number of patients who have not
been helped by other known treatments.
phase
I/II trial:
A trial to study the safety, dosage levels, and response to a
new treatment.
phase
II trial:
Phase II trials focus on learning whether the new treatment has
an anticancer effect (for example, whether it shrinks a tumor,
or improves blood test results), and whether it is effective
for a particular type of cancer.
phase
II/III trial:
A trial to study response to a new treatment and the effectiveness
of the treatment compared to the standard treatment regimen.
phase
III trial:
Phase III trials compare the results of people taking the new
treatment with results of people taking standard treatment (for
example, which group has better survival rates, and/or fewer
side effects). In most cases, studies move into phase III testing
only after a treatment shows promise in phases I and II. Phase
III trials may include hundreds of people around the country.
phase
IV trial:
Once a treatment has been approved and is being marketed, it
is studied in a phase IV trial to evaluate side effects of the
new treatment that were not apparent in the phase III trial.
Thousands of people are involved in a phase IV trial.
phenobarbital: A sedative/anticonvulsant
barbiturate that has been used to treat diarrhea and to increase
the antitumor effect of other therapies.
phenylbutyrate: An anticancer
drug that belongs to the family of drugs called differentiating
agents.
photodynamic
therapy
(fo-toe-dye-NAM-ik): Treatment with drugs that become active
when exposed to light and kill cancer cells.
photofrin: A drug used
in photodynamic therapy that is absorbed by tumor cells; when
absorbed by cancer cells and exposed to light, it becomes active
and kills the cancer cells.
photosensitizer: A drug used
in photodynamic therapy. When absorbed by cancer cells and exposed
to light, the drug becomes active and kills the cancer cells.
phyllodes
tumor:
Rare, benign or malignant tumors of the breast.
physiologic: Related to the
functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic
age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as
opposed to the calendar age.
pigment: A substance
that gives color to tissue. Pigments are responsible for the
color of skin, eyes, and hair.
pilocarpine: An alkaloid
used to increase salivation in people who have dry mouth. Dry
mouth can be caused by opioids or radiation therapy.
pilot
study:
The initial study examining a new method or treatment.
pineal
gland
(PIN-ee-al): A small gland located in the cerebrum that produces
melatonin. Also called pineal body or pineal organ.
pineal
region tumors
(pIN-ee-al...TOO-mers): Types of brain tumors that occur in or
around the pineal gland, a tiny organ near the center of the
brain.
pineoblastoma (PIN-ee-o-blas-TOE-ma):
A fast growing type of brain tumor that occurs in or around the
pineal gland, a tiny organ near the center of the brain.
pineocytoma (PIN-ee-o-sye-TOE-ma):
A slow growing type of brain tumor that occurs in or around the
pineal gland, a tiny organ near the center of the brain.
piperacillin-tazobactam: A combination
of antibiotics used to fight infections in people who have cancer;
both of these drugs are derived from penicillin.
piritrexim: An anticancer
drug.
pituitary
gland
(pih-TOO-ih-tair-ee): The main endocrine gland; it produces hormones
that control other glands and many body functions, especially
growth.
placebo: An inactive
substance that looks the same as, and is administered in the
same way as, a drug in a clinical trial.
plasma (PLAS-ma): The
clear, yellowish, fluid portion of the blood in which cells are
suspended.
plasma
cells:
A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies.
plasmacytoma (PLAS-ma-sye-TOE-ma):
A tumor that is made up of cancerous plasma cells.
plasmapheresis (plas-ma-fer-EE-sis):
The process of separating certain cells from the plasma in the
blood by a machine. Only the cells are returned to the person.
Plasmapheresis can be used to remove excess antibodies from the
blood.
plastic
surgeon:
A surgeon who specializes in reducing scarring or disfigurement
that may occur as a result of accidents, birth defects, or treatment
for diseases.
platelets (PLAYT-lets):
A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood
clots to form. Also called thrombocytes.
platinum: A metal that
is an important component of some anticancer drugs, such as cisplatin
and carboplatin.
pleura (PLOOR-a): A
thin layer of tissue covering the lungs and the wall of the chest
cavity to protect and cushion the lungs. A small amount of fluid
that acts as a lubricant allows the lungs to move smoothly in
the chest cavity during breathing.
pleural
cavity:
A space enclosed by the pleura (thin tissue covering the lungs
and lining the interior wall of the chest cavity). It is bound
by thin membranes.
pleural
effusion:
An abnormal collection of fluid between the thin layers of tissue
(pleura) lining the lung and the wall of the chest cavity.
pM-81
monoclonal antibody:
A type of monoclonal antibody used in cancer detection or therapy.
Monoclonal antibodies are laboratory-produced substances that
can locate and bind to cancer cells.
pneumatic
larynx
(noo-MAT-ik LAIR- inks): A device that uses air to produce sound
to help a laryngectomee talk.
pneumonectomy (noo-mo-NEK-toe-mee):
An operation to remove an entire lung.
pneumonia (noo-MONE-ya):
An inflammatory infection that occurs in the lung.
polyp (POL-ip): A growth
that protrudes from a mucous membrane.
polyposis: The development
of numerous polyps (growths that protrudes from a mucous membrane).
porfimer
sodium:
An anticancer drug that is also used in cancer prevention. It
belongs to the family of drugs called photosensitizing agents.
porfiromycin: An anticancer
drug that belongs to the family of drugs called anticancer antibiotics.
positive
axillary lymph nodes:
Lymph nodes in the area of the armpit (axilla) to which cancer
has spread. This is determined by surgically removing some of
the lymph nodes and examining them under a microscope to see
whether cancer cells are present.
positron emission tomography
scan:
PET scan. A computerized image of the metabolic activity of body
tissues used to determine the presence of disease.
postmenopausal: Refers to the
time in life after menopause. Menopause is the time in a woman's
life when menstrual periods stop for at least a year; also called
"change of life."
postremission
therapy:
Anticancer drugs to kill cancer cells that survive after remission
induction therapy.
precancerous (pre-KAN-ser-us):
A term used to describe a condition that may or is likely to
become cancer. Also called premalignant.
precancerous
polyps
(pre-KAN-ser-us pOL-ips): Growths that protrude from a mucous
membrane. Precancerous polyps may or are likely to become cancer.
prednisolone: A synthetic
corticosteroid used in the treatment of blood cell cancers (leukemias)
and lymph system cancers (lymphomas).
prednisone: Belongs to the
family of drugs called steroids. It is used to treat several
types of cancer. Prednisone also inhibits the body's immune response.
preleukemia (PREE-loo-KEE-mee-a):
Disease in which the bone marrow does not function normally.
Also called myelodysplastic syndrome or smoldering leukemia.
premalignant: A term used
to describe a condition that may or is likely to become cancer.
Also called precancerous.
premenopausal: Refers to the
time in life before menopause. Menopause is the time of life
when a women's menstrual periods stop for at least a year; also
called "change of life."
primary central nervous
system lymphoma:
Cancer that arises in the lymphoid tissue found in the central
nervous system (CNS). The CNS includes the brain, spinal cord,
and meninges.
primary
tumor:
The original tumor.
primitive neuroectodermal
tumors
(NOO-ro-ek-toe-DER-mul): PNET. A type of bone cancer that forms
in the middle (shaft) of large bones. Also called Ewing's sarcoma/primitive
neuroectodermal tumor.
procarbazine: An anticancer
drug that belongs to the family of drugs called alkylating agents.
proctoscopy (prok-TOS -ko-pee):
An examination of the rectum using a thin, lighted tube called
a proctoscope.
proctosigmoidoscopy (PROK-toe-sig-moid-OSS-ko-pee):
An examination of the rectum and the lower part of the colon
using a thin, lighted tube called a sigmoidoscope.
progesterone (pro-JES-ter-own):
A female hormone.
progesterone receptor negative (PR-): Breast
cancer cells that do not have a protein (receptor molecule) to
which progesterone will attach. Breast cancer cells that are
PR- do not need the hormone progesterone to grow and usually
do not respond to hormonal therapy.
progesterone receptor positive (PR+): Breast
cancer cells that have a protein (receptor molecule) to which
progesterone will attach. Breast cancer cells that are PR+ need
the hormone progesterone to grow and will usually respond to
hormonal therapy.
prognosis (prog-NO-sis):
The likely outcome or course of a disease; the chance of recovery.
progressive
disease:
Cancer that is increasing in scope or severity.
promegapoietin: A colony-stimulating
factor that stimulates the production of blood cells, especially
platelets. It is given during chemotherapy to increase blood
cell regeneration. It is a cytokine that belongs to the family
of drugs called hematopoietic (blood forming) agents.
promyelocytic
leukemia:
A type of acute myeloid leukemia, a quickly progressing disease
in which too many immature blood-forming cells are found in the
blood and bone marrow.
prophylactic cranial irradiation (pro-fih-LAK-tik
KRAY-nee-ul ir-ray-dee-AY-shun): Radiation therapy to the head
to reduce the risk that cancer will spread to the brain.
prophylaxis: An attempt to
prevent disease.
Prost
30 monoclonal antibody:
A type of monoclonal antibody used in cancer detection or therapy.
Monoclonal antibodies are laboratory-produced substances that
can locate and bind to cancer cells.
prostate
gland
(PROS-tate): A gland in the male reproductive system just below
the bladder. It surrounds part of the urethra, the canal that
empties the bladder. It produces a fluid that forms part of semen.
prostate-specific
antigen:
PSA. A substance that may be found in an increased amount in
the blood of men who have prostate cancer or benign prostatic
hyperplasia.
prostatectomy (pros-ta-TEK-toe-mee):
An operation to remove part or all of the prostate. Radical (or
total) prostatectomy is the removal of the entire prostate and
some of the tissue around it.
prostatic
acid phosphatase
(FOS-fa-tays): PAP. An enzyme produced by the prostate. It may
be found in increased amount in men who have prostate cancer.
prosthesis (pros-THEE-sis):
An artificial replacement of a part of the body.
prosthodontist (pros-tho-DON-tist):
A dentist with special training in making replacements for missing
teeth or other structures of the oral cavity to restore the person's
appearance, comfort, and/or health.
protease
inhibitors:
Drugs that interfere with the ability of a virus to make copies
of itself.
proteins (PRO-teenz):
Substances that are essential to the body's structure and proper
functioning.
PSC
833:
A drug that belongs to the family of drugs called cyclosporine
analogues. It is used with chemotherapy to prevent or overcome
the resistance of tumor cells to some anticancer drugs.
PTC: Percutaneous
transhepatic cholangiography (per-kyoo-TAN-ee-us trans-heh-PAT-ik
ko-LAN-jee-AH-gra-fee). A procedure to x-ray the bile ducts.
In this procedure a dye is injected through a thin needle inserted
through the skin into the liver or the gallbladder, and an x-ray
picture is taken.
PTK787/ZK
222584:
An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called
angiogenesis inhibitors.
pulmonary: Refers to the
lungs.
pump: A device that
is used to deliver a precise amount of drug at a specific rate.
pyrazine
diazohydroxide:
An anticancer drug.
pyrazoloacridine: An anticancer
drug that belongs to the family of drugs called acridines.
QS21: A plant extract
that may improve the ability of the immune system to respond
to disease. It is being studied in combination with vaccine therapy.
quadrantectomy: Surgical removal
of the region of the breast (approximately one quarter) containing
the cancer.
quality
of life:
The overall enjoyment of life. Many clinical trials measure aspects
of a person's sense of well-being and ability to perform various
tasks in order to assess the effects that cancer and its treatment
have on the person.
R115777: An anticancer
drug that inhibits the transformation of normal cells to cancer
cells. It belongs to the family of drugs called enzyme inhibitors.
radiation
fibrosis
(ray-dee-AY-shun fye-BRO-sis): The formation of scar tissue as
a result of radiation therapy.
radiation
oncologist
(ray-dee-AY-shun on-KOL-o-jist): A doctor who specializes in
using radiation to treat cancer.
radiation
surgery:
A radiation therapy technique that delivers radiation directly
to the tumor while sparing the healthy tissue. Also called radiosurgery
and stereotactic external beam irradiation.
radiation
therapy
(ray-dee-AY-shun): Radiation therapy (also called radiotherapy)
uses high-energy radiation from x-rays, neutrons, and other sources
to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from
a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy)
or from materials (radioisotopes) that produce radiation that
are placed in or near the tumor or in the area where the cancer
cells are found (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation,
or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy involves giving
a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody,
that circulates throughout the body.
radical
cystectomy
(RAD-ih-kal sis-TEK-toe-mee): Surgery to remove the bladder as
well as nearby tissues and organs.
radical
mastectomy
(RAD-ih-kal mas-TEK-toe-mee): Surgery to remove the breast, chest
muscles, and all of the lymph nodes in the armpit. Also called
the Halsted radical mastectomy.
radical
prostatectomy
(RAD-ih-kalpros-ta-TEK-toe-mee): Surgery to remove the entire
prostate. The two types of radical prostatectomy are retropubic
prostatectomy and perineal prostatectomy.
radioactive (RAY-dee-o-AK-tiv):
Giving off radiation.
radioactive
iodine:
A radioactive form of the chemical element iodine often used
for imaging tests or as a treatment for cancer.
radioimmunoguided
surgery:
A procedure that uses radiolabeled substances to detect tumors
for surgical removal.
radioimmunotherapy: Treatment with
a radioactive substance that is linked to an antibody that will
attach to the tumor when injected into the body.
radioisotope: An unstable
element that releases radiation as it breaks down. Radioisotopes
can be used in imaging tests or as a treatment for cancer.
radiolabeled: Any compound
that has been joined with a radioactive substance.
radiologist (RAY-dee-ol-o-jist):
A doctor who specializes in creating and interpreting pictures
of areas inside the body. The pictures are produced with x-rays,
sound waves, or other types of energy.
radiology: The use of radiation,
such as x-rays, or other imaging technologies, such as ultrasound
and magnetic resonance imaging, to diagnose or treat disease.
radionuclide
scanning:
A test that produces pictures (scans) of internal parts of the
body. The person is given an injection or swallows a small amount
of radioactive material. A machine called a scanner then measures
the radioactivity in certain organs.
radiopharmaceuticals: Drugs containing
a radioactive substance that are used in the diagnosis and treatment
of cancer and in pain management of bone metastases. Also called
radioactive drugs.
radiosensitization: The use of a
drug that makes tumor cells more sensitive to radiation therapy.
radiosensitizers: Drugs that make
tumor cells more sensitive to radiation.
radon (RAY-don): A
radioactive gas that is released by uranium, a substance found
in soil and rock. When too much radon is breathed in, it can
damage lung cells and lead to lung cancer.
raloxifene: A drug that
belongs to the family of drugs called selective estrogen receptor
modulators (SERMs). It is used in the prevention of osteoporosis
in postmenopausal women. Raloxifene is also being studied as
a cancer prevention drug.
ralitrexed: An anticancer
drug that inhibits tumor cells from multiplying by interfering
with cells' ability to make DNA. Also called ICI D1694.
randomized
clinical trial:
A study in which participants are assigned by chance to separate
groups that compare different treatments. Neither the researcher
nor the participant can choose the group. Using chance to assign
people means that the groups will be similar and the treatments
they receive can be compared. At the time of the trial, there
is no way for the researchers to know which of the treatments
is best. It is the person's choice to be in a randomized trial
or not.
ras
gene:
A gene that has been found to cause cancer when it is altered
(mutated). Agents that block its activity may stop the growth
of cancer. A ras peptide is a protein fragment produced by the
ras gene.
rebeccamycin: An anticancer
drug that belongs to the family of drugs called antineoplastic
antibiotics.
rectum: The last 8 to
10 inches of the large intestine.
recur: To occur again.
Recurrence is the return of cancer, at the same site as the original
(primary) tumor or in another location, after it had disappeared.
recurrence: The return of
cancer, at the same site as the original (primary) tumor or in
another location, after it had disappeared.
recurrent
cancer:
Cancer that has returned, at the same site as the original (primary)
tumor or in another location, after it had disappeared.
red
blood cells:
RBCs. Cells that carry oxygen to all parts of the body. Also
called erythrocytes.
Reed-Sternberg
cell:
A type of cell that appears in people with Hodgkin's disease.
The number of these cells increases as the disease advances.
reflux: The term used
when liquid backs up into the esophagus from the stomach.
refractory
cancer:
Cancer that has not responded to treatment.
regimen: A treatment
plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration
of treatment.
regional
cancer:
Refers to cancer that has grown beyond the original (primary)
tumor to nearby lymph nodes and/or organs and tissues.
regional
chemotherapy
(kee-mo-THER-a-pee): Treatment with anticancer drugs that is
directed to a specific area.
regression: A decrease in
the extent or size of cancer.
relapse: The return of
signs and symptoms of cancer after a period of improvement.
remission: Disappearance
of the signs and symptoms of cancer. When this happens, the disease
is said to be "in remission." A remission may be temporary
or permanent.
remission
induction therapy:
The initial chemotherapy a person receives to bring about a remission.
renal
capsule:
The fibrous connective tissue that surrounds each kidney.
renal
cell cancer:
Cancer that develops in the lining of the renal tubules, which
filter the blood and produce urine.
renal
pelvis:
The area at the center of the kidney. Urine collects here and
is funneled into the ureter, the tube that connects the kidney
to the bladder.
reproductive
cells:
Egg and sperm cells. Each mature reproductive cell carries a
single set of 23 chromosomes.
reproductive
system:
In women, this system includes the ovaries, the fallopian tubes,
the uterus (womb), the cervix, and the vagina (birth canal).
The reproductive system in men includes the prostate, the testes,
and the penis.
resected: Surgical removal
of part of an organ.
resection (ree-SEK-shun):
Surgical removal of part of an organ.
residual
disease:
Cancer cells that remain after attempts have been made to remove
the cancer.
respiratory
system
(RES-pih-ra-tor-ee): The organs that are involved in breathing.
These include the nose, throat, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and
lungs.
respiratory
therapy
(RES-pih-ra-tor-ee): Exercises and treatments that help improve
or restore lung function.
retinoblastoma: An eye cancer
that most often occurs in children under the age of 5. It occurs
in hereditary and nonhereditary (sporadic) forms.
retinoid: Vitamin A or
a vitamin A-like compound.
retinol: Vitamin A. It
is essential for proper vision, healthy skin and mucous membranes.
Retinol is being studied for cancer prevention; it belongs to
the family of drugs called retinoids.
retinyl
palmitate:
A drug being studied in cancer prevention; it belongs to the
family of drugs called retinoids.
retropubic
prostatectomy
(re-tro-PYOO-bik pros-ta-TEK-toe-mee): Surgery to remove the
prostate through an incision made in the abdominal wall.
retroviral
vector:
RNA from a virus that is used to insert genetic material into
cells.
RevM10
gene:
An antiviral gene being studied for treatment of cancer in patients
who have HIV, the AIDS virus.
rhabdoid
tumor:
A malignant tumor of either the central nervous system (CNS)
or the kidney. Malignant rhabdoid tumors of the CNS often have
an abnormality of chromosome 22. These tumors usually occur in
children younger than 2 years old.
rhabdomyosarcoma: A malignant
tumor of muscle tissue.
rhizoxin: An anticancer
drug isolated from a fungus. It is similar to the family of drugs
called vinca alkaloids.
ribonucleic
acid:
RNA. One of the two nucleic acids found in all cells. The other
is deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Ribonucleic acid transfers genetic
information from DNA to proteins produced by the cell.
risk
factor:
Anything that increases the chance of developing a disease.
ritonavir: A drug that
belongs to the family of drugs called protease inhibitors. It
interferes with the ability of a virus to make copies of itself.
rituximab: A type of monoclonal
antibody used in cancer detection or therapy. Monoclonal antibodies
are laboratory-produced substances that can locate and bind to
cancer cells.
RMP-7: A drug that
may allow anticancer drugs (such as carboplatin) to cross the
blood-brain barrier and reach tumors in the brain.
RNA: Ribonucleic
acid. One of the two nucleic acids found in all cells. The other
is DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). RNA transfers genetic information
from DNA to proteins produced by the cell.
Ro
31-7453:
An anticancer drug that may prevent cancer cells from dividing.
RPR
109881A:
A drug that belongs to the family of anticancer drugs called
taxanes.
RSR-13: A drug that
may increase the effectiveness of radiation therapy.
saline: A solution of
salt and water.
salivary
glands
(SAL-ih-vair-ee): Glands in the mouth that produce saliva.
salpingo-oophorectomy (sal-PIN-go o-o-for-EK-toe-mee):
Surgical removal of the fallopian tubes and ovaries.
samarium
153:
A radioactive substance used in cancer therapy.
saquinavir
mesylate:
A drug that belongs to the family of drugs called protease inhibitors.
It interferes with the ability of a virus to make copies of itself.
sarCNU: An anticancer
drug that belongs to the family of drugs called alkylating agents.
sarcoma: A cancer of
the bone, cartilage, fat, muscle, blood vessels or other connective
or supportive tissue.
sargramostim: A colony-stimulating
factor that stimulates the production of blood cells, especially
platelets, during chemotherapy. It is a cytokine that belongs
to the family of drugs called hematopoietic (blood forming) agents.
Also called GM-CSF.
SC-70935: A growth factor
used to stimulate the production of blood cells during cancer
chemotherapy.
scans: Pictures of
structures inside the body. Scans often used in diagnosing, staging,
and monitoring people include liver scans, bone scans, and computed
tomography (CT) or computed axial tomography (CAT) scans and
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. In liver scanning and
bone scanning, radioactive substances that are injected into
the bloodstream collect in these organs. A scanner that detects
the radiation is used to create pictures. In CT scanning, an
x-ray machine linked to a computer is used to produce detailed
pictures of organs inside the body. MRI scans use a large magnet
connected to a computer to create pictures of areas inside the
body.
SCH
54031:
An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called
biological response modifiers. SCH 54031 is a cytokine. Also
called PEG-interferon alfa-2b.
SCH-58500: A drug that
inhibits the growth of tumor cells that express the mutated p53
gene.
SCH
66336:
An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called
enzyme inhibitors.
Schiller
test
(SHIL-er): A test in which iodine is applied to the cervix. The
iodine colors healthy cells brown; abnormal cells remain unstained,
usually appearing white or yellow.
schwannoma (shwah-NO-ma):
A type of benign brain tumor that begins in the Schwann cells
that produce the myelin that protects the acoustic nerve (the
nerve of hearing).
screening: Checking for
disease when there are no symptoms.
scrotum (SKRO-tum): The
external pouch of skin that contains the testicles.
sebum (SEE-bum): An
oily substance produced by certain glands in the skin.
second
cancer:
Refers to a new primary cancer that is caused by previous cancer
treatment, or a new primary cancer in a person with a history
of cancer.
second-look
surgery:
Surgery performed after primary treatment to determine whether
tumor cells remain.
secondary
tumor:
Cancer that has spread from the organ in which it first appeared
to another organ. For example, breast cancer cells may spread
(metastasize) to the lungs and cause the growth of a new tumor.
When this happens, the disease is called metastatic breast cancer,
and the tumor in the lungs is called a secondary tumor. Also
called secondary cancer.
sedoxantrone
trihydrochloride:
An anticancer drug that belongs to a family of drugs called topoisomerase
inhibitors. Also called CI-958.
segmental
mastectomy
(mas-TEK-toe-mee): The removal of the cancer as well as some
of the breast tissue around the tumor and the lining over the
chest muscles below the tumor. Usually some of the lymph nodes
under the arm are also taken out. Sometimes called partial mastectomy.
seizures (SEE-zhurz):
Convulsions; sudden, involuntary movements of the muscles.
semen: The fluid that
is released through the penis during orgasm. Semen is made up
of sperm from the testicles and fluid from the prostate and other
sex glands.
seminal
vesicles
(SEM-in-al VES-ih-kulz): Glands that help produce semen.
seminoma (sem-in-O-ma):
A type of testicular cancer that develops from the cells that
give rise to sperm cells (germ cells).
semustine: An anticancer
drug that belongs to the family of drugs called alkylating agents.
sentinel
lymph node:
The first lymph node that cancer is likely to spread to from
the primary tumor. Cancer cells may appear first in the sentinel
node before spreading to other lymph nodes.
sentinel
lymph node biopsy:
Procedure in which a dye or radioactive substance is injected
near the tumor. This material flows into the sentinel lymph nodes(s)
(the first lymph node(s) that cancer is likely to spread to from
the primary tumor). A surgeon then looks for the dye or uses
a scanner to find the sentinel lymph node(s) and removes it or
them in order to check for the presence of tumor cells.
sequential
treatment:
One treatment after the other.
Sezary
syndrome:
A form of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, a cancerous disease that
affects the skin.
shave
biopsy
(BY-ahp-see): A procedure in which the parts of a mole that are
above and just below the surface of the skin are removed with
a small blade. There is no need for stitches with this procedure.
shunt: A surgically
created diversion of fluid, for example blood or cerebrospinal
fluid, from one area of the body to another area of the body.
sialyl
Tn-KLH:
A vaccine that is composed of a substance that enhances immunity
plus an antigen found on some tumors of the colon, breast, lung,
ovary, pancreas, and stomach.
side
effects:
Problems that occur when treatment affects healthy cells. Common
side effects of cancer treatment are fatigue, nausea, vomiting,
decreased blood cell counts, hair loss, and mouth sores.
sigmoidoscope (sig-MOY-da-skope):
A thin, lighted tube used to view the inside of the colon.
sigmoidoscopy (sig-moid-OSS-ko-pee):
Inspection of the lower colon using a thin, lighted tube called
a sigmoidoscope. Samples of tissue or cells may by collected
for examination under a microscope. Also called proctosigmoidoscopy.
sirolimus: A drug used
to help prevent rejection of organ and bone marrow transplants
by the body.
skin
graft:
Skin that is moved from one part of the body to another.
skin
test:
A test for an immune response to a compound by placing it on
or under the skin.
small
cell lung cancer:
A type of lung cancer in which the cells appear small and round
when viewed under the microscope. Also called oat cell lung cancer.
small
intestine:
The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach
and the large intestine.
smoldering
leukemia:
Disease in which the bone marrow does not function normally.
Also called preleukemia or myelodysplastic syndrome.
soft
tissue:
Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other
supporting tissue of the body.
soft
tissue sarcoma
(TISH-oo sar-KO-ma): A sarcoma that begins in the muscle, fat,
fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of
the body.
solid
tumor:
Cancer of body tissues other than blood, bone marrow, or the
lymphatic system.
somatic
cells:
All the body cells except the reproductive (germ) cells.
somatic
mutations:
Alterations in DNA that occur after conception. Somatic mutations
can occur in any of the cells of the body except the germ cells
(sperm and egg), and therefore are not passed on to children.
These alterations can (but do not always) cause cancer or other
diseases.
sonogram (SON-o-gram):
A computer picture of areas inside the body created by bouncing
sound waves off organs and other tissues. Also called ultrasonogram.
speculum (SPEK-yoo-lum):
An instrument used to widen an opening of the body to make it
easier to look inside.
speech
pathologist
(pa-THOL-o-jist): A specialist who evaluates and treats people
with communication and swallowing problems. Also called a speech
therapist.
sperm
banking:
Freezing sperm for use in the future. This procedure can allow
men to father children after loss of fertility.
SPF: Sun protection
factor. A scale for rating the level of sunburn protection in
sunscreen products. The higher the SPF, the more sunburn protection
it provides.
spinal
tap:
A test in which a fluid sample is removed from the spinal column
with a thin needle. Also called a lumbar puncture.
spleen: An organ that
is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes,
filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys those that
are aging. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near
the stomach.
splenectomy (splen-EK-toe-mee):
An operation to remove the spleen.
sputum: Mucus coughed
up from the lungs.
squalamine
lactate:
A drug that belongs to the family of drugs called angiogenesis
inhibitors. It prevents the growth of new blood vessels into
a solid tumor.
squamous
cell carcinoma
(SKWAY-mus. . .kar-sin-O-ma): Cancer that begins in squamous
cells, which are thin, flat cells resembling fish scales. Squamous
cells are found in the tissue that forms the surface of the skin,
the lining of the hollow organs of the body, and the passages
of the respiratory and digestive tracts. Also called epidermoid
carcinoma.
squamous
cells
(SKWAY-mus): Flat cells that look like fish scales under a microscope.
These cells cover internal and external surfaces of the body.
squamous intraepithelial
lesion
(SKWAY-mus in-tra-eh-pih-THEEL-ee-ul LEE-zhun): SIL. A general
term for the abnormal growth of squamous cells on the surface
of the cervix. The changes in the cells are described as low
grade or high grade, depending on how much of the cervix is affected
and how abnormal the cells appear.
SR-29142: A drug that
may protect healthy tissue from the toxic effects of anticancer
drugs.
SR-45023A: An anticancer
drug that belongs to the family of drugs called bisphosphonates.
It affects cancer cell receptors governing cell growth and death.
SR49059: An anticancer
drug that inhibits a hormone growth factor responsible for stimulating
some cancer cells to multiply.
stable
disease:
Cancer that is not decreasing or increasing in extent or severity.
stage: The extent of
a cancer within the body, including whether the disease has spread
from the original site to other parts of the body. Staging refers
to the determination of the extent of cancer.
stage
I adrenocortical cancer:
The cancer is less than 5 centimeters (less than 2 inches) in
size and has not spread into tissues around the adrenal gland.
stage II adrenocortical
cancer:
The cancer is more than 5 centimeters (less than 2 inches) in
size and has not spread into tissues around the adrenal gland.
stage III adrenocortical
cancer:
The cancer has spread into tissues around the adrenal gland or
has spread to the lymph nodes around the adrenal gland.
stage IV adrenocortical
cancer:
The cancer has spread to tissues or organs in the area and to
lymph nodes around the adrenal cortex, or the cancer has spread
to other parts of the body.
stage
I anal cancer:
The cancer has spread beyond the top layer of anal tissue and
is smaller than 2 centimeters (less than 1 inch).
stage
II anal cancer:
Cancer has spread beyond the top layer of anal tissue and is
larger than 2 centimeters (about 1 inch), but it has not spread
to nearby organs or lymph nodes.
stage
III anal cancer:
Stage III anal cancer is divided into stage IIIA and III B. Stage
IIIA anal cancer: cancer has spread to the lymph nodes around
the rectum or to nearby organs such as the vagina or bladder.
Stage IIIB: cancer has spread to the lymph nodes in the middle
of the abdomen or in the groin, or the cancer has spread to both
nearby organs and the lymph nodes around the rectum.
stage
IIIA anal cancer:
Cancer has spread to the lymph nodes around the rectum or to
nearby organs such as the vagina or bladder.
stage
IIIB anal cancer:
Cancer has spread to the lymph nodes in the middle of the abdomen
or in the groin, or the cancer has spread to both nearby organs
and the lymph nodes around the rectum.
stage
IV anal cancer:
Cancer has spread to distant lymph nodes within the abdomen or
to organs in other parts of the body.
stage
I bladder cancer:
Cancer cells have spread into the inner lining of the bladder
but have not spread to the muscular wall of the bladder.
stage
II bladder cancer:
Cancer cells have spread to the muscular wall of the bladder.
stage
III bladder cancer:
Cancer cells have spread throughout the muscular wall of the
bladder, to the layer of tissue surrounding the bladder and/or
to the nearby reproductive organs.
stage
IV bladder cancer:
Cancer cells have spread to the wall of the abdomen or pelvis
or to nearby lymph nodes, or it has spread to lymph nodes and
other parts of the body far from the bladder.
stage
I breast cancer:
Cancer that is no bigger than 2 centimeters (about 1 inch) and
has not spread outside the breast.
stage
II breast cancer:
Stage II breast cancer means one of the following: cancer that
is no bigger than 2 centimeters but has spread to the lymph nodes
in the armpit (the axillary lymph nodes), or cancer that is between
2 and 5 centimeters (from 1 to 2 inches) that may or may not
have spread to the lymph nodes in the armpit, or cancer that
is bigger than 5 centimeters (larger than 2 inches) but has not
spread to the lymph nodes in the armpit.
stage
III breast cancer:
Stage III is divided into stages IIIA and IIIB. Stage IIIA breast
cancer: Stage IIIA breast cancer is defined by either of the
following: 1) the cancer is smaller than 5 centimeters and has
spread to the lymph nodes in the armpit, which have grown into
each other or into other structures and are attached to them,
or 2) is larger than 5 centimeters and has spread to the lymph
nodes in the armpit. Stage IIIB breast cancer: Stage IIIB breast
cancer is defined by either of the following: 1) the cancer has
spread to tissues near the breast (skin, chest wall, including
the ribs and the muscles in the chest), or 2) has spread to lymph
nodes inside the chest wall along the breast bone.
stage
IIIA breast cancer:
Stage IIIA breast cancer is defined by either of the following:
1) the cancer is smaller than 5 centimeters and has spread to
the lymph nodes under the arm, which have grown into each other
or into other structures and are attached to them, or 2) is larger
than 5 centimeters and has spread to the lymph nodes under the
arm.
stage
IIIB breast cancer:
Stage IIIB breast cancer is defined by either of the following:
1) the cancer has spread to tissues near the breast (skin, chest
wall, including the ribs and the muscles in the chest), or 2)
has spread to lymph nodes inside the chest wall along the breast
bone.
stage
IV breast cancer:
Cancer has spread to other organs of the body, most often the
bones, lungs, liver, or brain. Or, tumor has spread locally to
the skin and lymph nodes inside the neck, near the collarbone.
stage
I cancer of the cervix:
Cancer involves the cervix but has not spread to nearby tissues.
In stage IA cancer of the cervix, a very small amount of cancer
that is only visible under a microscope is found deeper in the
tissues of the cervix. In stage IB cancer, a larger amount of
cancer is found in the tissues of the cervix.
stage
II cancer of the cervix:
Cancer has spread to nearby areas but is still inside the pelvis.
In stage IIA cancer of the cervix, cancer has spread beyond the
cervix to the upper two thirds of the vagina; in stage IIB, cancer
has spread to the tissue around the cervix.
stage III cancer of the
cervix:
Cancer has spread throughout the pelvic area. Cancer cells may
have spread to the lower part of the vagina. The cells also may
have spread to block the tubes that connect the kidneys to the
bladder (the ureters).
stage
IV cancer of the cervix:
Cancer has spread to other parts of the body. In stage IVA cancer
of the cervix, cancer has spread to the bladder or rectum (organs
close to the cervix); in stage IVB cancer of the cervix, cancer
has spread to distant organs such as the lungs.
stage
I cancer of the uterus:
Cancer is found only in the main part of the uterus, but not
in the cervix.
stage
II cancer of the uterus:
Cancer cells have spread to the cervix.
stage III cancer of the
uterus:
Cancer cells have spread outside the uterus to the vagina and/or
lymph nodes in the pelvis, but have not spread outside the pelvis.
stage
IV cancer of the uterus:
Cancer cells have spread to the lining of the bladder or rectum
or to distant parts of the body.
stage
I cancer of the vulva:
Cancer is found only in the vulva and/or the space between the
opening of the rectum and the vagina (perineum). The tumor is
2 centimeters (about 1 inch) or less in size.
stage
II cancer of the vulva:
Cancer is found in the vulva and/or the space between the opening
of the rectum and the vagina (perineum), and the tumor is larger
than 2 centimeters (larger than 1 inch).
stage
III cancer of the vulva:
Cancer is found in the vulva and/or perineum and has spread to
nearby tissues such as the lower part of the urethra (the tube
through which urine passes), the vagina, the anus (the opening
of the rectum), and/or has spread to nearby lymph nodes.
stage
IV cancer of the vulva:
Cancer has spread beyond the urethra, vagina, and anus into the
lining of the bladder (the sac that holds urine) and the bowel
(intestine); or, it may have spread to the lymph nodes in the
pelvis or to other parts of the body.
stage 0 chronic lymphocytic
leukemia:
There are too many lymphocytes in the blood, but there are usually
no other symptoms of leukemia.
stage I chronic lymphocytic
leukemia:
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